The Role Of Children During The Civil War - 877 Words

Throughout history many people, places, and ideas have been forgotten, and then there are some that we can never forget. These memories can be different for all societies and cultures. The events that are remembered not only affect those living today, but changes the way future generations live. This type of memory was especially prevalent during the American civil war. It affected the soldiers fighting in the war as well as the children of those who fought. It is vital that we have an awareness about the role of children in the Civil War. The understanding of the children in the civil war is important because it shaped the variety of individuals’ affected, motivated troops to continue fighting, and formed race relationships that would define our country for decades to come. It also helps to show how it is the responsibility of historians to inculcate their audiences to the consequences of past events on all levels to influence decision making on contemporary issues. The Ameri can Civil War took many people from a variety of different backgrounds and bring them all together to be affected by the same sets of ideas. This began to shape the children of the Civil War from all walks of life. Children who lived through the war made it a pivotal moment in their memories which caused them to attribute many of the social, and political characteristics to experiences gained during the war. It also affected the children differently depending on where they lived. The northern childrenShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Women During Post War Period1508 Words   |  7 PagesThe Role of Women During the post-war period women were getting more opportunities and freedoms within society, while at the same time getting more limitations. Using one’s maternal instinct was a concept that was heavily stressed during this period and made a big impact on their home life and work life. The Cold War was a time where women had a lot of responsibilities to both their family but also society. They were the caretakers and had an incredible amount of work to do in preparation of nuclearRead MoreThe Influence Of Influence On Women s Life During The Civil War1498 Words   |  6 PagesComparison of Influences in Women’s Lives During the Civil War When we think of the Civil War, many think of the sacrifices and influences of the men during this time. Women of the Civil War however, were also active participants of making history (Fahs). The Civil War was the first account in history where women had an active role throughout a war. It was their first opportunity to make a difference in our country’s history. Their lives before the war were that of being proper while working toRead MoreWomen Of The Civil War1329 Words   |  6 PagesWhen we think of the Civil War, many think of the sacrifices and influences of the men during this time. Women of the Civil War however, were also active participants of making history. Their lives before the war were that of being proper. Their focus was working to maintain and support their families. The Civil War stole away the life as women knew it and placed them into a whole different role- one that was much more difficult both physically and emotionally. Women of both the Nort h and theRead MoreBrave And Strong Women During The Civil War Essay1602 Words   |  7 Pages Brave and Strong Women in the Civil War Keyamber Ford Central High School November 9, 2015 4th Period â€Æ' Abstract Women in the Civil War were basically the beginning of a movement, because many people thought that women could not accomplish fighting in a war. The role of women in the Civil War failed to be noticed by people in history. Women’s roles prior to the Civil War were to take care of home and family. Single women or those who were poor could find work outside the homeRead MoreWomen Of The Civil War1553 Words   |  7 PagesWomen of the Civil War The Civil War is a very important part of American history – simply put, it determined what kind of nation the United States would be. The Civil War resolved whether the United States is what determined the survival of the Union or whether the Confederacy would gain independence. It is the battle that determined whether the largest slaveholding country in the world would continue to exist as such since it thrived on the fundamental idea that â€Å"all men are created with an equalRead MoreThe Barry/Bradford Family1442 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the early eighteen hundreds, many southerners entangled themselves and their families in the Civil War. The Civil War caused many men to turn against one another, and the war affected family life as well. â€Å"Approximately 620,000 soldiers died from combat, accident, starvation, and disease during the Civil War.† Most of the battles took place in the South, though some did take place in the North and the West. Southern poli tics and government changed greatly during this time with the new focusRead MoreFor Cause And Comrades By James M. Mcpherson1705 Words   |  7 Pages250 private journals from Civil War soldiers—both Union and Confederate—in his attempt to explain what possessed these men to endure the roaring, gruesome chaos of war. What better way to express the motivation behind fighting than words straight from the pens of the men who were physically there and experienced the Civil War to its fullest? I personally feel as though McPherson succeeded in his explanation of the different driving forces that kept each man going during these difficult years of battleRead MoreThe Role Of Women During The Civil War1418 Words   |  6 Pages The Roles of Women in the Civil War Lakiya Saunders Central High School November 9, 2015 3rd Period â€Æ' Abstract Women’s role in the civil war is very important. One point of time in life women did not have any other role but mother and wife. Being able to help out with war, no matter what it was you were doing was a big turning point for women back then. It brought women a little independence, it gave women a name. The Roles of Women in the Civil War During my research I found several rolesRead MoreWomen s Role During The Civil War1301 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Civil War (Biography.com Editors 2). Women during this time threw away their old ways of being a housewife and everyone helped contribute in the war somehow, whether if they were young or old they helped (History.com Staff 1). Though not often mentioned, women played a huge role in the Civil War. The Women stood up to the plate during the Civil War. The Women s role before the Civil War cleaned, cooked, and took care of their children while the men always worked. During the Civil War, whileRead MoreReconciliation Between Trauma And Healing And Reconciliation1501 Words   |  7 PagesMoreover, fostering a civil society is pivotal in rebuilding a nation. Many scholars have different meanings and interpretations on what civil society actually means. According to Thania Paffenholz and Christoph Spurk, a civil society can be looked as an â€Å"arena of uncoerced collective action around shared interests, purposes and values As a public sphere where citizens and voluntary organizations freely engage, it is distinct from the state, the family and the market, although since civil society is closely

Essay on Influence and Contribution of BuzzFeed in the...

During the digital age, the internet becomes more and more popular. Conversely, the circulation and the advertising revenues of newspapers are vanishing duo to the emergence of internet and audience migration. When most of the news organizations are struggling in digital age, there is a new form of news media growing up on the web that is BuzzFeed. This essay will firstly point out the analysis of this news source and then discuss the influence and contribution of BuzzFeed in the public sphere. BuzzFeed is a rapidly growing social news and entertaining website, which founded in 2006 by Jonah Peretti (BuzzFeed, n.d.). The majority of audiences are about 20 to 30 year old and also large portion of readers are in 30s to 40s (Moore, 2013). In†¦show more content†¦For substantive content, BuzzFeed offer in-depth coverage in some issues (BuzzFeed, n.d.). In other words, the hard news which is similar to the traditional news coverage is covered in BuzzFeed. Unlike other traditional media companies’ revenue model, BuzzFeed provides advertorial or social advertising, but not banner ads. Advertorial is advertising which format is similar to editorial (Moore, 2013). BuzzFeed creative team will work with the advertisers to make advertising sharable and attract the readers’ attention to read through the ads rather than skim through the ads (Moore, 2013). As matter of fact, Peretti (as cited in Hagey, 2012) makes sure that BuzzFeed refuses traditional banner ads and he believes advertorial is better form of advertising because readers a more willing to pay attention on this rather than the banner ads. Furthermore, readers may even share the ads on the internet to even broader audience. Indeed, about 40% additional advertising views were gotten from the sharing because people are more interest in what friends recommended to them (Hagey, 2012). It is also the principle why stories in BuzzFeed can spread out as fast as ‘viralà ¢â‚¬â„¢. In 2013, almost all of the revenues of BuzzFeed are generated by social advertising (Moore, 2013) and according to Peretti (2013), BuzzFeed is now making profit thought the investment has not been recovered. As a result, as mentioned above, it showed that BuzzFeed is a successful new mediaShow MoreRelatedDigital Journalism And Its Impact On Society2418 Words   |  10 Pageswelcome incorporation to the academic curriculum or the news industry, but in today’s day and age many will agree that online journalism is a vital and durable platform for the global communications landscape and that it will have as noteworthy an influence on society as news from traditional mediums has done, such as newspapers, magazines, television, etc. (Kevin Kawamoto, 2003) With digital journalism advancing, how sure are we that the Internet is actually helping news agencies transmit their news

Master of Teaching Enhance Skill

Question: Discuss about theMaster of Teaching for Enhance Skill. Answer: Introduction The main aim of the report is to identify the how professional learning can be used to support student learning. The main may is to identify how professional degrees can be used to improve the students learning and knowledge in class. Teachers are the most essential part of the students life and without teachers it is not possible to gain knowledge that is required by students to enhance skill and talent that student posses. Through the evidence gathered the report identifies the learning needs of the student. The author uses the literature review to support its argument. It identifies the various learning needs of students below standard eight mathematics class. There are various teaching stratifies that the teachers can use to develop and improve the knowledge that the students possess and improve the learning ability. The survey was done on the class of twenty girls who were studied in class 8 that came from different cultural backgrounds. The class consists of mixed range of stud ents with physical disability, and diverse learning abilities. Three students have moved to Australia from china. These students have very good mathematical skill but they struggle with literacy and other subjects. The report identifies the literacy in mathematical classroom and identifies how the teachers knowledge and professional degree can improve and support students learning. There are various learning needs to improve the students mathematical knowledge and literacy. The main identified common learning need is improvement in literacy help. The most common problem with the student who has moved from china to Australia is with the literacy knowledge of mathematics (AAMT, 2014). Body The students in a class come with different background culture and know different languages. The major problem with students coming from different countries or places is that the languages known to them are different. To understand the mathematics terminology and words it is essential for the students to know the language that is used in class or the most common language that is English. Mathematics is not only about equations and calculations. It has various terms that require students to have literature knowledge and for this the students needs literacy support. There are wide range of learning needs that are identified that include wide diversity of students, low literacy, inability to retain and recall information, and learning disabilities that can be the reason for low literacy and numeracy. There are many strategies and actions that can be used to meet these learning needs and assist students to maximize their learning (Cooper et al., 2014). The common problem identified for the majority of students is the low literacy skills. The evidence shows that the students often misinterpret the words that are used in mathematics that often lead them to take out the answer that are wrong. Evidence shows that the students have mathematical knowledge but it is due to the lack of literacy skills that creates more problems. The survey conducted showed that the students were given a sum that included least word in it which the students misinterpreted. The survey showed that the students who moved to Australia from China also had the problem of low literacy skill. The other problem that students also have is lack of motivation to learn mathematics and taking up new challenge to solve them (Alderman, 2013). These three students mathematically are well ahead of rest of the class buy they struggle with mathematical terminology and worded mathematics problem. Due to lack of literacy skills students are unable to give proper title for the gr aphs in the assignment due to which they often loose marks. Giving inaccurate answer also goes against literacy continuum strand. The evidence shows that not all students lack literacy skill to interpret the mathematical results. Some of the students have profound mathematical knowledge along with good literacy skills. They are the ones who can interpret the mathematical results well and also give appropriate graph title as the result from the evidence shows (Brophy, 2013). There are various strategies that can be implemented by teachers to address and highlight the issue of low literacy skills in students especially for the ones who come from different background and countries. Literacy skill is the most essential, skill that the students should have. If the students do not have the knowledge for what variable should the problem be solved then the problem arises not only for the students but also for the teachers that teach the subject. The issue is serious in case of mathematics because misinterpretation of even one word in the sum will give the wrong result. Hence it is essential for the schools and teachers to solve the problem and improve the core standards of literacy skills in students (Cooper et al., 2014). The teachers should give special emphasis to the students who are migrant from China and has come to Australia to gain knowledge. The teachers or the professionals can arrange for special classes or extra hours to teach and solve the problems that students face in case of literacy skills. The lessons that the teacher plans to teach in one particular class should be planned. The teacher then should give few extra minutes to go over vocabulary and make the students add the basic terminology and words that are being used for the particular problem (Tomlinson, 2014). This will help the students on understanding the basic terminologies and words that will be used in the lesson. Teachers should assist students to decode the questions. Harsh rules should not be implied on students specially the ones who are not acquainted with the language that is being used. They should be given an opportunity to use alternative formats for assessing the task unless they are able to fully develop the liter acy skills that are acceptable (Kolb, 2014). Proper interaction and communication with students is also one of the strategies that can be used by the professionals to support the learning needs. The teachers are the ones that create a comfortable environment for the students. It is the responsibility of the teachers to make the students feel safe to work in groups so that the students can raise the problem freely and interact with the teachers. The teachers should interact with the students and know the problems that they face. Individual attention should be give to the ones who are poor in development of literacy skills especially to the students who have come from china. This provides students with an opportunity to use mathematical vocabulary language in class which will over time benefit their literacy skills. It is also essential for the teachers to know the students background in order to teach them and understand their problem (Laurillard, 2013). Many students also lack motivation to take up new challenge. In this case it is essential for the teachers to motivate the students by creating a new learning experience and making the vocabulary more interesting. New ways of teaching should be adopted by teachers to make the lessons more interesting. Students also face with the problem of inability to retain the lesson learned in class for long period of time. It is essential concern as learning and retaining the lessons is the key to success. The surveyed showed that students were unable to answer the questions that were asked the very next day from the chapter being taught. For example if the problems on graphical solution was taught on day one and if the students were asked questions based on that on day two the result showed that the students failed to recall the concepts (Moon, 2013). There are many strategies that can be used to solve the problem of retaining and recalling the concepts taught in class. These include state-dependent recall, done by making connections with what students are learning to something such as various rooms, objects or information that help in the recalling process. Another strategy is chunking, rather than remembering individual information, chunking it up by connections makes it easier to retain and recall. Spaced repetition suggests that it is important to increase time intervals between subsequent reviews of previously learned material. So revision of the previous lesson in the first few minutes of every lesson has proven to enhance student learning and understanding (Van et al.,2013).This can be done by simple techniques such as asking questions and through peer discussions. The students who have problem in retaining and recalling information should be given the experience of visual aid so that they dont have problem in retaining the information and concept. Proper notes should be given to students so that they can go home and revise the concepts in order to retain the solution. Proper instructions should be given to students stressing the main ideas for the lessons. It is essential for the teachers to have good knowledge of the subject that they teach. Without the knowledge of the subject the teachers wont be able to make the ideas that they want to convey (Silver, 2013). Research Questions The main aim of the report is to discuss and examine the following research questions: How can the professionals support the students learning needs and develop the literacy skills to improve the mathematical knowledge? What is the effect of increasing the literacy focus on word problem solving skills in a grade eight mathematics class? Literature Review Many concepts are there to explain the concepts of development of literacy skills in mathematical knowledge. Literacy focus refers to the challenges that the linguistics have in learning mathematics. These include the English terms that are used in mathematics such as least, maximum and other linguistics. It also includes understanding proper mathematical terminologies such as trigonometry, compound interests, annuities and others (Race, 2014). Word problem also known as problem solving refers to the mathematical problems or questions expressed in terms of hypothetical situation explained in terms of paragraphs or sentences. Word problem is theoretical explanation of mathematical questions. It is essential for the students to be efficient in both English and mathematics in order to solve the word problems. It is essential for the students to have ability to translate the sentence or the paragraph into mathematical equations to solve the problem. For this the students must be efficient in both English and mathematics (Brown Chandrasekaran, 2014). The main aim of discussing this section of the report is to identify the issue of linguistics in teaching and learning mathematics that faces English as an additional language. Within a mathematic classroom, particularly during the senior years, linguistic issues are predominantly encountered in word problems (Whimbey et al.,2013). It is also essential to identify the most difficult component of mathematics that is word problems. The review investigates a range of Australian and international policies, research findings and articles; to evaluate the significance of the issue that is considered general from students and teachers perspectives. In addition, strategies and practices that could help students overcome linguistic barriers and improve word problem solving skills are gathered (Hopkins, 2014). The Significance of Issue The main issue of linguistic challenge arises is due to diversity of students. These are the students that need additional help in English in developing literacy skills. These are the students that come from another country such as Australia to learn and study. Since the Australian language is different from Chinese it is essential for these students to understand the linguistic in which the theory is being taught in class. Before a student can apply the trigonometric knowledge to calculate the answer to the word problem it is essential to overcome the challenges from both English and the language of mathematics; for example angle of depression, trigonometry, and other word problems and concepts. As a result, the students of class eight are targeted in order to uncover educational approaches and strategies that could help these students overcome the challenges of word problems during their senior years (Earl, 2012). From Students Perspective The linguistic learning need relates to students who are struggling to simultaneously deal with the difficult mathematics subject content, the language of mathematics and the topical English language. Developing literacy skills helps the student get a clear picture of mathematical knowledge (Xin et al., 2005). Mastering the language of mathematics involves shifting from everyday reading, writing and informal ways of construing knowledge into subject-specific, technical and academic ways that are necessary for disciplinary learning in mathematics. The main issue that hinders the growth of the student in the class is the differences in the linguistics knowledge and value (DuFour Marzano, 2015). Strategies and Practices that Help Learning and Teaching Language in Mathematics Classrooms The study shows that it is essential to encourage students to work cooperatively with each other in a group so that they get new ideas and knowledge to learn and develop literacy skill. It is also essential to teach students for conceptual understanding and develop childrens procedural literacy. It is also essential for the teachers to promote strategic competence through meaningful problem solving investigation. The teachers should have ability to demonstrate acceptance of students divergent ideas. The teachers and the professional should also have the ability to influence learning by posing challenging and interesting questions. It is also essential for the teachers to motivate students to take new challenges. The teachers should also believe in their students that they will be able to do mathematics and solve the problem. Mathematics is not magical or mysterious in nature (DuFour DuFour, 2013). The students should take up the challenge of solving the problems. Practice makes the man perfect. So it is essential for the students to practice the questions effectively at home. It is also essential for the students to be able to manipulate the results and use various representations to communicate the mathematical knowledge and ideas. It is essential for the teachers to make the theory and literature more innovative such as using color tiles to build in term a sequence and working in groups. The professional learning continues evaluating texts and strategies evaluating a personal interpretation of a text critically (Buehl, 2013). Conclusion Developing professional learning to develop literacy skills and learning is essential in order for the development of students knowledge. Fostering mathematical skills require a rich and healthy environment. It is not only essential to develop mathematical skills but it is also essential to understand the problems and transform it into mathematical equations. For this the student requires a great literacy skill and linguistic understanding. The main learning needs that hinder the growth of students are the lack of motivation, lack of power to retain and recover the concept, and lack of literacy skills. The teachers can formulate strategies to develop the literacy skills. Students diversity is the main issue due to which it is essential for the teachers to develop the literacy skills. References AAMT. (2014). THE AUSTRALIAN ASSOCIATION OF MATHEMATICS TEACHERS INC.supporting and promoting mathematics education. Retrieved October 20, 2014, from AAMT 2015 conference: https://www.aamt.edu.au/Conferences/AAMT-2015-conference Alderman, M. K. (2013).Motivation for achievement: Possibilities for teaching and learning. Routledge. Brophy, J. E. (2013).Motivating students to learn. Routledge. Brown, D. C., Chandrasekaran, B. (2014).Design problem solving: knowledge structures and control strategies. Morgan Kaufmann. Buehl, D. (2013).Classroom strategies for interactive learning. International Reading Assoc.. Cooper, J. D., Robinson, M., Slansky, J., Kiger, N. D. (2014).Literacy: Helping students construct meaning. Cengage Learning. Cooper, J. D., Robinson, M., Slansky, J., Kiger, N. D. (2014).Literacy: Helping students construct meaning. Cengage Learning. DuFour, R., DuFour, R. (2013).Learning by Doing: A Handbook for Professional Learning Communities at Work TM. Solution Tree Press. DuFour, R., Marzano, R. J. (2015).Leaders of learning: How district, school, and classroom leaders improve student achievement. Solution Tree Press. Earl, L. M. (2012).Assessment as learning: Using classroom assessment to maximize student learning. Corwin Press. Hopkins, D. (2014).A teacher's guide to classroom research. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Kolb, D. A. (2014).Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. FT press. Laurillard, D. (2013).Rethinking university teaching: A conversational framework for the effective use of learning technologies. Routledge. Moon, J. A. (2013).Reflection in learning and professional development: Theory and practice. Routledge. Race, P. (2014).The lecturer's toolkit: a practical guide to assessment, learning and teaching. Routledge. Silver, E. A. (Ed.). (2013).Teaching and learning mathematical problem solving: Multiple research perspectives. Routledge. Tomlinson, C. A. (2014).Differentiated classroom: Responding to the needs of all learners. Ascd. Van Voorhis, F. L., Maier, M. F., Epstein, J. L., Lloyd, C. M. (2013). The Impact of Family Involvement on the Education of Children Ages 3 to 8: A Focus on Literacy and Math Achievement Outcomes and Social-Emotional Skills.MDRC. Whimbey, A., Lochhead, J., Narode, R. (2013).Problem solving comprehension. Routledge. Xin, Y. P., Jitendra, A. K., Deatline-Buchman, A. (2005). Effects of mathematical word ProblemSolving instruction on middle school students with learning problems.The Journal of Special Education,39(3), 181-192.

Ambiguous Claims Quiz Essay Example

Ambiguous Claims Quiz Essay Ambiguous Claims Quiz I (See related pages) Your Results: The correct answer for each question is indicated by a . Identify the ambiguity in these examples. 1 A claim whose ambiguity is due to the ambiguity of a particular word or phrase. B) Semantic ambiguity. 2 A claim whose ambiguity is due to a problem with its structure. B) Syntactic ambiguity. 3 A claim whose ambiguity rests on a confusion between a collection of entities or individual entities. A) Grouping ambiguity. 4 This morning I shot an elephant in my pajamas. B) Syntactic Ambiguity 5 Hands were around before forks were. A) Semantic Ambiguity B) Syntactic Ambiguity C) Grouping Ambiguity D) No ambiguity 6 Our mothers bore us. A) Semantic Ambiguity B) Syntactic Ambiguity C) Grouping Ambiguity D) No ambiguity 7 I thought your driveway was longer than it is. A) Semantic Ambiguity B) Syntactic Ambiguity C) Grouping Ambiguity D) No ambiguity 8 Newspaper headline: Unskilled Workers Get Shot at Jobs. A) Semantic Ambiguity B) Syntactic Ambiguity C) Grouping Ambiguity D) No ambiguity Americans have shown themselves willing to drop nuclear weapons. A) Semantic Ambiguity B) Syntactic Ambiguity C) Grouping Ambiguity D) No ambiguity 10 Dad, for my lunch tomorrow you should peel the star fruit and then cut it into pieces and put them in a plastic bag. Its easier that way. A) Semantic Ambiguity B) Syntactic Ambiguity C) Grouping Ambiguity D) No ambiguity 11 Sign in front of a vacant lot: Fine for Littering. A) Semantic Ambiguity B) Syntactic Ambiguity C) Grouping Ambiguity D) No ambiguity We will write a custom essay sample on Ambiguous Claims Quiz specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ambiguous Claims Quiz specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ambiguous Claims Quiz specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Photography Essays (991 words) - Optics, Single-lens Reflex Camera

Photography Photography Photography is a technique of producing permanent images on sensitized surfaces by means of the photochemical action of light or other forms of radiant energy. In today's society, photography plays important roles as an information medium, as a tool in science and technology, and as an art form, and it is also a popular hobby. It is essential at every level of business and industry, being used in advertising, documentation, photojournalism, and many other ways. Scientific research, ranging from the study of outer space to the study of the world of subatomic particles, relies heavily on photography as a tool. In the 19th century, photography was the domain of a few professionals because it required large cameras and glass photographic plates. During the first decades of the 20th century, however, with the introduction of roll film and the box camera, it came within the reach of the public as a whole. Today the industry offers amateur and professional photographers a large variety of cameras and accessories. See also Motion Picture. The Camera and Its Accessories Modern cameras operate on the basic principle of the camera obscura (see Historical Development, below). Light passing through a tiny hole, or aperture, into an otherwise lightproof box casts an image on the surface opposite the aperture. The addition of a lens sharpens the image, and film makes possible a fixed, reproducible image. The camera is the mechanism by which film can be exposed in a controlled manner. Although they differ in structural details, modern cameras consist of four basic components: body, shutter, diaphragm, and lens. Located in the body is a lightproof chamber in which film is held and exposed. Also in the body, located opposite the film and behind the lens, are the diaphragm and shutter. The lens, which is affixed to the front of the body, is actually a grouping of optical glass lenses. Housed in a metal ring or cylinder, it allows the photographer to focus an image on the film. The lens may be fixed in place or set in a movable mount. Objects located at various distances from the camera can be brought into sharp focus by adjusting the distance between the lens and the film. The diaphragm, a circular aperture behind the lens, operates in conjunction with the shutter to admit light into the lighttight chamber. This opening may be fixed, as in many amateur cameras, or it may be adjustable. Adjustable diaphragms are composed of overlapping strips of metal or plastic that, when spread apart, form an opening of the same diameter as the lens; when meshed together, they form a small opening behind the center of the lens. The aperture openings correspond to numerical settings, called f-stops, on the camera or the lens. The shutter, a spring-activated mechanical device, keeps light from entering the camera except during the interval of exposure. Most modern cameras have focal-plane or leaf shutters. Some older amateur cameras use a drop-blade shutter, consisting of a hinged piece that, when released, pulls across the diaphragm opening and exposes the film for about 1/30th of a second. In the leaf shutter, at the moment of exposure, a cluster of meshed blades springs apart to uncover the full lens aperture and then springs shut. The focal-plane shutter consists of a black shade with a variable-size slit across its width. When released, the shade moves quickly across the film, exposing it progressively as the slit moves. Most modern cameras also have some sort of viewing system or viewfinder to enable the photographer to see, through the lens of the camera, the scene being photographed. Single-lens reflex cameras all incorporate this design feature, and almost all general-use cameras have some form of focusing system as well as a film-advance mechanism. Camera Designs Cameras come in a variety of configurations and sizes. The first cameras, "pinhole" cameras, had no lens. The flow of light was controlled simply by blocking the pinhole. The first camera in general use, the box camera, consists of a wooden or plastic box with a simple lens and a drop-blade shutter at one end and a holder for roll film at the other. The box camera is equipped with a simple viewfinder that shows the extent of the picture area. Some models have, in addition, one or two diaphragm apertures and a simple focusing device. The view camera, used primarily by professionals, is the camera closest in design to early cameras that is still in widespread use. Despite the unique capability of the view camera, however, other camera types, because of their greater versatility, are more commonly used by both amateurs and professionals. Chief among

Contemporary issues in Multimedia and IT

Contemporary issues in Multimedia and IT Ethics are the principles that dictate right and wrong, and act as agents of decision making guidelines of behavior. On the other hand, laws are rules developed by an administrative system to combat crime. Most ethical issues are consequences of individuals trying to make decisions within or without the law that govern a system.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Contemporary issues in Multimedia and IT specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When computers were first invented , scientists said that the whole of America would only need six computers for its operations. A couple of decades later, information highway has grown so fast that every household at least owns a computer. Computers have evolved from the bulky gadgets they used to be, to pocket size gadgets, making it easier for individuals to own. Businesses are run easily through computers, for instance shopping malls and food joints have created sites through which pe ople can select items and have them delivered to them. Marketing has been made easier as consultants don’t have to meet with their clients face to face. Introduction of e-learning in most academic institutions has helped create more learning opportunities while saving time and space. Academic research by students has been simplified because they no longer need to carry bulky books. Besides, many job opportunities have been created for information technology specialists. Just like any inventions, Information technology has its merits and demerits. Therefore, it is in order for governments to come up with strategies to regulate the use of information technology gadgets as a precautionary measure against information technology stress caused by security breach in the private or public network systems. Though the invention of internet networking has facilitated the transformation of the world into a global village, eminent threats on security of information systems is real. Thus, this reflective treatise analyses contemporary issues in information technology and multimedia. A big wave of positive change was seen in various fields such as education, business, and politics among others. Unfortunately, Criminals saw this as an opportunity for fraudulent deals. For instance, hackers, crackers and stalkers took advantage of this wave of change to unlawfully access private information that could harm companies (Moore, 2006, pp.101-105). In response, the government introduced the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. As stipulated by this law, trespassers of protected computers were to be prosecuted. The CFAA merged with the National Information Infrastructure Act to create a compact regulatory law on information technology. Given that dependence levels on technology have increased, the advances in data storage have made the process cheaper, hence are used by local retail firms to identify customers.Advertising Looking for essay on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, the, major search firms such as Google, yahoo, and messenger generates more than 200million searches per year. Therefore, a lot of information can be found about an individual through their profiles and blogs. Information perceived as private can viewed in public social sites. This heightens ethical concerns because a lot of information is out and can be misused. These laws made it illegal for any unauthorized person to access private computer network for financial gains. CFAA in its current jurisdiction protects users and operators against computer related crimes such as obtaining national security information through illegal entry into Federal computers with the aim of harming the state, and for the benefit of another state. This law is punishable whether information was acquired or not. Besides, the law is clear on the illegal entry of a protected computer to access financial or credit information, includ ing credit card fraud (Solove and Schwartz, 2009, p. 43). Moreover, unauthorized access of any protected computer used by the Federal government or the government computer agencies is also included. It can be considered as treason if one is found hacking into the state’s security systems. Since data has become easily accessible, government security agencies have come up with detailed and advanced security systems. They can obtain information on suspects of terrorism and security threat. In the automated scan systems, possession of illegal weapon, drugs, and other material perceive harmful to the public can be detected. At global level, intentionally damaging, either through corrupting by viruses or physical destruction of a protected computer and worms program that can make information disappear or even disable a system intentionally is punishable in the International Law Court. Physical destruction includes trashing or removing some parts of the machine to put a halt to norm al functioning ability (Solove and Schwartz, 2009, p. 50). Illegal trafficking of passwords or any other information which can be used to gain access to a protected computer for whatsoever purpose is illegal. This law was mainly put to stop the hackers from cracking passwords and accessing information systems for information, and using them to corrupt the information systems. The above laws makes it illegal for one to access information without permission from the owner, the operator or the management information system, especially information on business operations or national defense. This covered all the data on atomic weapons manufacture and storage in the United States (Solove and Schwartz, 2009, p. 55).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Contemporary issues in Multimedia and IT specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The electronic communications privacy act is a law which was passed to regulate efficiency of Informatio n technology. This law makes it illegal to tap information without authorization. Besides, it protects information transmitted through wire, radio, electromagnetic waves, and optical wave tracks that affect business transactions of the state. Cyber Security Enhancement Act was passed together with the Homeland Security Act to increase penalties set in the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. CSEA reduced the thoroughness of privacy and made it easier for the ISP to hand over information to the government whenever the relevant authority suspects unlawful dealing in the local networks. This law passed harsh punishment on persons who knowingly committed computer crimes that resulted in physical injury or even death (Solove and Schwartz, 2009, p. 53).Those who have established their careers in business, should sensitize their employees ICT departments to safeguard the quality of the systems and hence protecting privacy of society. The digital millennium copyright act mainly protects programs a nd soft wares against piracy. This law was put in place to help people who operated their businesses online from having their products duplicated. This law promotes the sale of soft wares and programs that help parents control what their children view in the interne (Tim and Paul, 2004, p.46). Traditional laws can also be used to prosecute crimes committed on computers. For instance, Economic Espionage Act makes it illegal for one to steal information or ideas from another business through copyright or duplication for any reasons whatsoever. This law also spells out the boundaries of benefitting from other information systems in place by either competitors or perceived rival. The Virginia internet policy act advocates for freedom of information, penalties on persons who commit computer crimes, and protection of children from explicit pornographic materials and indecent images on the internet. Before, children were used by perverts to boost business and the websites at the expense of their rights. Another law is the software privacy and control act. This act deals with the criminals who register online under false identity, and commit online fraudulent crimes on the domain receptor. However, providing false information without getting involved in criminal activities is excused (Tim and Paul, 2004, p.46).Advertising Looking for essay on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite the numerous efforts by the government, internet criminals somehow find a new route in committing cyber crimes frequently. Factually, it is not very easy to detect a cyber crime until its consequences surface. Smarter hacking minds have developed complex ideas of invading the snares and traps constantly revised by the government information technology experts (Warren and Louis, 1989, pp.89-97). Even the most secured sites such as that of the homeland security and Microsoft report numerous attempts of hacking on their websites. Funnily, some of these crimes are only meant o draw attention and disapprove the security system of the targeted sites. In the recent part, a group in America threatened to close down face book site for what they called breach of personal privacy and stalking by the government. Hackers have decided to corrupt the system with graphic images, just for satisfaction of having control over this global site (Trout, 2007, p.43). This however does not mean tha t we are completely hopeless against finding solutions to deal with these intelligent minds who find pleasure in putting a halt to global growth and development on the facets of information exchange. The existing laws may not be perfect, by some how are effective in minimizing the intensity of information system abuse. In the recent past, many successful abuse cases have passed through the court system on sms or email abuse. Governments still deal with threats to life and properties sent via email, as punishable under traditional laws. Governments also need to introduce e-governance, like in Bangladesh, which make control and review of laws of the internet much easier to implement. Through this, governments will easily deal with the increasing innovative techniques of web piracy hacking and cracking (Tim and Paul, 2004, p.49). The implementation of these laws may be hindered by administrative obstacles. For instance, lack of trust and faith on a government by its citizens may make f ighting cyber crime a hectic procedure. Due to this, citizens may shy away from reporting instances of cyber crimes committed or fail to cooperate with the authority in investigations. However, the overhead cost of adopting e-governance is very heavy on most governments. With the current unfavorable economic climate, the priorities of most governments are to ensure costs of any project are within manageable limits. Besides, there is an inadequate specialized skill in information technology across the globe to monitor and constantly track the ever complex crimes undergoing metamorphosis. Reference List Moore, R. (2006) Cybercrime: Investigating High-Technology Computer Crime, 1st ed., Cincinnati, Ohio: Anderson Publishing Solove, D. and Schwartz, P. (2009) Privacy, Information, and Technology, 2nd Ed., New York, NY: Aspen Publishers Tim, J, and Paul, T. (2004) Hacktivism and Cyberwars, Alabama: Routledge Trout, B. (2007) Cyber Law: A Legal Arsenal for Online Business, New York: World Audience, Inc. Warren, R. and Louis, B. (1989) The Right to Privacy, 4 Harv. L. Rev. 193., Massachusetts: Harvard University Publications

Supporting Evidence Based Practices through Research Essay

Supporting Evidence Based Practices through Research - Essay Example To Student 1: I agree that Career Ladder, Nursing Research Mentors and the Research/EBP Council provide great opportunities and encouragement toward promoting organizational commitment, best practices in clinical environments and patient outcomes through in-depth research. There is no better moment than finding a solution to a patient’s health problem that has been plaguing him (or her) for years. It is most important that all nurses learn how to conduct research within a multitude of platforms available, such as electronic databases, online libraries, electronic journal repositories, and through reviewing cases histories (Melnyk&Fineout-Overholt 2011). I have found that research provides a good foundation in continuing to educate myself in those most common issues found in healthcare and to question what is currently in place so as to make it better. There are new drugs being tested all the time and a patient might finally obtain relief by being willing to try something new (Webb 2011). Using the NIRNM provides me with experience in learning and understanding the process of IRB approval and how I can do my own research using MEDline, CONHAL and Cochrane Review.

Practicum Action Inquiry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Practicum Action Inquiry - Essay Example This collaborative research project will be established with ten teachers from 20 schools in the vicinity of the campus. Identification of learning goals, construction of success criteria as well as the provision of descriptive feedbacks are important practices used in classrooms that enhance the achievement of students. While operating under the assessment of learning theme, teachers will be trained on how to develop learning goals and criteria of success as stipulated in the curriculum. Teachers will also be trained on how to implement positively descriptive feedback. On the other hand, the student will be trained on positive peer and self-assessment. Descriptive feedback is a major constituent of the growing success initiative. Self, peer, and teacher feedback before and after the assessment is submitted to the main descriptive feedback strategy. These strategies will be introduced by this practicum into classrooms for education department for the growing success initiative. According to Biggley (2012), descriptive feedback strategies have been proved to increase student skill development and achievement effectively long after the learner finishes the course. The approach to future assessment techniques for teachers is highly influenced by these skills. All participants in the inquiry will enjoy the benefit of personal, professional learning. All participants will be familiar with evaluation and assessment process. As the process will be progressing through the semester, participants will find themselves actively lesson planning on issues involving growing success more so descriptive feedback (Caro-Bruce, 2008). Transition of teachers to assessment for learning instructional model requires teamwork with fellow teachers to ensure effective student learning and skill development. Before the collaborative inquiry was implemented, competency levels of teachers varied. Collaborative inquiry utilization will help teachers acquire training on

Case assignment for sport facilities and venues Study

Assignment for sport facilities and venues - Case Study Example The dilemma being faced by Atkins is similar to the one faced by many expanding business organisations that is to decide whether or not expand their operations beyond a certain point in terms of cost and profitability. ... This growing seasonal demand versus the diminishing capacity is an operational challenge at Golden Shores.The problem remains that this demand is not permanent or steady through out the year.The aim would thus be for a profit sustainable methodology to apply to the capacity planning decision that faced operations management for the tennis facilities. Some statistical calculations Next pertaining to the query about the number of tennis courts which will be needed in July 2004 and its comparison to the present capacity as well as the way ahead for the planning for the next season in terms of capacity by Ms Atkins it is possible to show the following workings. These workings take into account the peak months of usage as well as the past use of the facility.The rate at which the demand is increasing and the cost of utilising 100% capacity of each court alongwith tariff management. It can be seen from Exhibit 3 that July and August are the peak months for Guest nights with the total court hours peaking to 2885 hours. The factors or the formula I would suggest for Ms Atkins would be to focus on capacity decisions which determine other measures of service management such as productivity, growth, change, and competition. GS tennis courts will have to as a part of the service industry provide services as and when they are demanded because it cannot be inventoried.The cost would the demand variability which will lead to alternating periods of idle service workers or facilities and consumer waits. This cost has to be subtracted as a trade off to the cost of idle resources versus consumer retention since a dissatisfied consumer base is likely to hurt the long-term profits and

Management Essays Management Coach

Management Essays Management Coach Management Coach Taking the role of a management coach, you have been requested to analyse the leadership style of a specific business leader. Outline the process of the individuals leadership through a period of change and critically evaluate the outcome of the leadership approach in the organisation. Support your briefing paper with reference to a significant range of leadership and organisational development theories. Leadership, management style, organisational and national culture, organisational structure communication, team management and ethic/values are likely to be addressed. Identify and evaluate how a knowledge of leadership and or and organisational development can improve a managers efficiency and effectiveness in managing an enterprise. You are encouraged to take a holistic perspective and provide a critique of contemporary research and practice. An essential part in the running of an organisation is directing the efforts of their members towards the goals and objectives. This involves the process of Leadership. In simple terms leadership can be interpreted as getting others to follow or getting people to do things willingly or more specifically, the use of authority in decision-making. This essay will consider theoretical accounts of leadership behaviour and compare them to the chosen leader. The organisation that has been chosen is the Disney Corporation. Since the company was formed there have been two charismatic, but strikingly different leaders. A few years ago the Walt Disney Company was famous for a little mouse, a collection of vintage animated films for children, and two aging theme parks. Today, the sun never sets on the Disney entertainment empire. Along with its animation business, creator of blockbusters such as Beauty and the Beast, Disney now owns three other studios. After a problematic start Disney has exported the park business to Japan and France. There are two new Disney cruise ships, Wonder and Magic, and 725 Disney stores at locations all around the world. The driving force behind Disneys metamorphosis has been Michael Eisner, who became CEO and chairman in 1984 after a brief but intense battle for the position (Wetlaufer, S. 2000). The founder of the organisation Walt Disney, employed the best talent available, and by means of his own drive and enthusiasm, encouraged them to reach new heights. Walt Disney strived to maintain absolute, unchallenged control over every detail of his empire. Employees worked under an autocratic visionary; they expected big ideas and decisions to come from the top. When Walt Disney died in 1966, the company floundered creatively and financially for years. There were competent, dedicated people in management and talented, hard-working artists in the creative departments, but there was no vision, no leadership (Hightower, D. 1993). The choice of Michael Eisner as CEO of Disney has been a triumph of creativity in American business. Choosing creativity over financial know-how was a tremendous risk, but it has paid off: in the past eight years, revenue has grown on averaged 25 percent annually, Disney stock has increased tenfold in value and the company has been transformed into the worlds most successful entertainment empire. For the first time in Disneys history, an outsider was going to run the company (Hightower, D. 1993). Leadership is different from management; company leaders in action illustrate the practice of leadership. It is not just leadership that is required, both management and leadership are needed. However, during times of high-stakes change, organisations will fail without widespread good leadership (Coyle, J. 2000). Managers promote stability within an organisation, while leaders press for change. An organisation requires leadership at all levels, from the Directors board down to the Shop floor and cleaners. However, leadership is not a uniform command, for example the Waitress on the Shop floor will not receive identical commands and relationships from their manager as someone working in the finance department would from his or her manager. There are different forms of leadership and behaviour from which managers can implement to what they feel best suits the situation. The type of leadership adopted at different levels is a crucial part in achieving the aims and objectives and thus the success of the company (Burnes, B. 2000). Webber (n.d.) defined the types of authority of leaders in organisations into three categories, (1) Traditional, authority is legitimised by custom, and belief in the right to rule. There are traditional proper right to rule, example of this is the sovereignty, the church or a paternalistic employer. (2) Charismatic organisations, authority is legitimised by the quality of the leader, there strengths, personality and inspiration. There is a need for some routine; with the demise of the leader the organisation can change structure unless another charismatic leader is found, (3) Bureaucratic organisations, authority is based on the acceptance of the formal rules, the law within the organisation, authority comes from the hierarchical position within the organisation, examples of this are the armed forces and schools (Webber (n.d.) cited in Mullins, L, 2005: 77). Transformational leaders are able to effectively communicate their vision to an organisation and provide an environment where individuals are empowered to achieve that vision. Instead of telling employees what to do, transformational leaders provide the tools that can help employees achieve greatness. A subset of transformational leadership is charismatic leadership, which is built on the idea that sheer force of personality can be enough to provide leadership to an organisation and inspire high levels of personal loyalty from employees to leaders. The Disney Company has had two charismatic leaders in its history: Walt Disney and Michael Eisner. Disneys tenure was followed by lacklustre performance at the company after his death, and none of the executives at the organisation possessed a personality strong enough to replace the founder (Mullins, L. 2005). The trait approach assumes that the leaders are outstanding through their specific personality traits, cognitive abilities, interpersonal styles and other ability factors that distinguish them. This concept implies that leaders are rather born than made. Grint (2000) argued, There is no hope for those of us, not born with certain gifts or talents for leadership (Grint, K. 2000). The research done by Fleischman and Harris (1962) found two explicit behaviours: consideration and task-orientation. The first factor, consideration, involves a high regard for the leaders subordinates, sharing ideas and incorporating the subordinates as close as possible into the area they are involved. The second one, task-orientation, is mainly connected with the production and ignoring the subordinates to a great extend (Fleischman and Harris (1962) cited in Grint, K. 2000). The relatively new concept of charismatic leadership is based on the belief that the leader can broaden the awareness and interest of his/her followers. Consequently, the aims of the leader are of greater importance and are placed prior to the personal goals. Steers (1996) defines charismatic leadership as a special quality that enables the leader to mobilise and sustain activity within an organisation through specific personal actions combined with perceived characteristics. Employees are motivated by charisma beyond their original expectations. This is done in three ways, awareness about certain key issues and processes are raised, organisational goals are placed above the own interests and adjusting the needs level, so they have a stronger drive for responsibility, challenge and personal growth (Steers, R, 1996:693). Strength in Grint (2000) theory is it does not introduce quantifiable factors; hence it cannot be treated as a rigid science, such as Mathematics. Grint says that leadership is essential an interpretative affair, it casts doubt upon those claiming scientific legitimations for their claims and buttresses an approach to leadership that firmly within the arts not the sciences. It is not a rigid formula that applies to all leaders (Grint, K. 2000). Therefore the more scientific our methods of analysis become, the less likely we are to understand leadership because it is not accessible to scientific approaches. Taking this statement into considerations, it is clear that the charismatic leadership approach is a significant development, since it does not try to quantify. Henry Mintzberg discussed that the behaviour is hard to reconcile, on the surface at least, with traditional notions of what top managers do. It is hard to fit the behaviour into categories like planning, organizing, contro lling, directing, or staffing (Henry Mintzberg Cited in Kotter. J 1999). Even when times are hard, work was fun and exciting, and this has been incorporated in Eisners management style. But there are limits to the autonomy. Senior management delegates authority, not autonomy, downward in the organisation. Sometimes in large companies, too much gets delegated, especially now that empowerment is the rage. Eisner stated I just believe that those with the most experience should be given the most opportunity to handle really tough situations, these situations can put a company or a division at risk (Eisner, M. cited in Wetlaufer, S. (2000). So autonomy has its place. Delegation has its place. But sometimes you have to push problems back up to the top. Otherwise, you just might bump into the biggest corporate problem of all. Eisner, M. (2002) described what the most important areas of management are (1) youve got to be an example. (2)Youve got to be there. (3)Youve got to be a nudge, which is another word for motivator, really. (4) And youve got to show creative leadership, you have to be an idea generator, all the time, day and night (Eisner, M. (2000) cited in Wetlaufer, S. 2000). Thats not really a role. Its an underlying responsibility, its always there. Leading by example also means showing a combination of enthusiasm and loyalty to the institution, and it certainly means demanding excellence in the organisation (Wetlaufer, S. 2000). The two fundamental challenges to a manager are to (1) figure out what to do despite uncertainty and an enormous amount of potentially relevant information. (2) Get things done through a large and diverse group of people despite having little direct control over most of them. These challenges have severe implications for the traditional management functions of planning, staffing, organizing, directing, and controlling. To tackle challenges, effective general managers rely on agenda setting and network building. The best ones assertively seek information (including bad news), skilfully ask questions, and seek out programs and projects that can help accomplish multiple objectives. When a new manager starts their role they spend a considerable amount of time establishing their agendas. Effective executives develop agendas that are made up of loosely connected goals and plans that address their long, medium, and short-term responsibilities (Kotter, J.1999). This pattern of network-building is typical of a managers role and is aimed at more than just direct subordinates. Managers develop cooperative relationships with and among peers, outsiders, their bosses boss, and their subordinates subordinates. Indeed, they develop relationships with (and sometimes among) any and all of the hundreds or even thousands of people on whom they feel in some way dependent. Just as they create an agenda that is different from, although generally consistent with, formal plans, they also create a network that is different from, but generally consistent with, the formal organisational structure (Kotter, J.1999). This networking commence as soon as Eisner was appointed, gaining valuable contacts within the organisation. Managers of organisations have responsibility to get the strategic intent right, not just for the advantage of the organisation. Drucker (1989) discussed the responsibility of management as being decisive not only for the enterprises itself, but for the Managements public standing.for the very future of our economic and social system and the survival of enterprise. The decisions that managers make, do not just affect the organisation, they have an affect on the whole of society, with ethical, environmental and social considerations. Misjudged and misguided strategies have in the past brought down organisations both financially and in their reputation, damaging the publics opinion of them (Drucker (1989) cited in Mullins 2005:214). Therefore strategic decisions are likely to affect the operational level of an organisation, which needs to be in tune with long term goals of the organisation. This factor is important in decision making; firstly if the operational level is not in line with the strategic level this can cause conflict and jeopardise the strategy, secondly it is at the operational of an organisation that the real strategy is achieved (Johnson G , Scholes, K 2004). The Walt Disney Company continues to prosper, by maintaining and ever improving quality standards across the board. Walt Disneys Employee Forum is a publication created not only to motivate employees but to discuss past, present, and future accomplishments of the company. Disneys large corporation has very detailed and clear segmentation, and strives for quality in every product. Others in the entertainments industry, including, for example, Time Warner, MCA, and DreamWorks, also have their own unique quality factors. It is this differentiation and distinctiveness that may be the key to their recognition for what they do, and why they are so good (Anonymous1997). Successful organisations are fluid, forever moving and adjusting to the market forces. From the previous years performance new goals are set, brining in innovative fresh activities that make the organisation more effective. These criteria include increased employee versatility/flexibility; increase of expertise; broadening of the market base; increasing production capacity; improved production economy; and the ability to respond to change. Although some of these decisions are at a strategic level, others will show results with the year. These can be measured to ensure that the strategies are working for the organisation (Mullins, L, 2005). Creativity can be one of the key drivers in business today. At the Walt Disney Company, creativity is not just a tool or a technique to increase productivity; it is the heart of the business. The creative process is practiced and nurtured at Disney, and the application of a similar approach could dramatically impact businesses in a multitude of industries (Hightower, D. 1993). Eisner stated that Disney is a company built on a powerful combination of institutionalised creative friction, an environment that produces a constant stream of ideas and good, old-fashioned common sense. Together, he stated conflict and common sense yield creativity, and creativity has a way of cleaning up the balance sheet and making the income statement shine very brightly (Eisner, M. cited in Wetlaufer, S. (2000). The opinion that all knowledge is viewed as objects to the organisation, and therefore can pass between different states, has contributed to the focus of knowledge management systems (KMS) that they should be externalised and merged with tacit forms of knowledge. This theory is backed up by Cohendet et al.s (1999) recent attention to the codification of experience, know-how and localised tacit knowledge Through the processes of conversion between employees triggers the process of intuiting, interpreting, and integrating them into the organisation (Cohendet et al 1999:523). Healthy organisations would like to be viewed as containing harmonious working relations, committed to working together towards the common goal. Conflict is a reality within the organisational climate; therefore conflict has to be managed. The most specific level the culture of the organisation can be seen as the aggregation of the cognitive interpretations of the organisation workforce, conflict can reveal itself. This conflict arises from the personalities and experience of the individuals, together with the interactions between employees that can cause distortion (Hamlin, B. et al 2000). Diversity is a great force toward creativity. For many, Disney has made its members, (that is what they call employees) a diverse group of people. The more diverse an organisation, the more diverse are the opinions that get expressed, which sometimes create friction, and friction slows down the machine. When the machine slows down, good things can happen. If it is just sliding along with no friction, you get the easy solution; you get mediocrity. We work very hard on getting diversity at the top of the organization, and like many organisations we still have room to improve. That will make us more creative. This diversity is not just about skin colour or ethnic background, it is diversity in point of view. They encourage individualism, wanting employees who view the world differently (Wetlaufer, S. 2000). This whole business starts with ideas that come out of an environment of supportive conflict, which is synonymous with appropriate friction. This is an environment where people are not afraid to speak their minds or be irreverent. Uninhibited discussion gets ideas, which can be look at, made better or just get rid of them (Eisner, M. cited in Wetlaufer, S. 2000). Corporate creativity requires an innately creative leader and the managerial capability to syndicate creativity at the organisational level (Hightower, D. 1993). Cultural descriptions distinguish one organisation from another, and influence the people in the company as individuals as well as company performance. Such culture is a diffuse and nebulous notion, encompassing the underlying values, beliefs and principles of the personnel as they are expressed within the management, structure and practices (B Fletcher, F  Jones, 1992). Although Trompenaars suggests that all societies view time in different ways which may in turn influence business activities. The American dream is the French nightmare. Americans generally start from zero and what matters is their present performance and their plan to make it in the future. This is noveau riche for the French who prefer the ancien pauvre; they have an enormous sense of the past. This clash in national culture between the organisation and the country it is in, was experienced by the Disney corporation when they first tried to expand into new markets (F, Trompenaars (n.d) cited in N, Brealey, 1993: 66). The Aston School points to convergence of organisational culture. An example of this is the work of Hickson et al which suggests that there is a relationship between factors such as size/technology and structures which transcends culture. A bureaucracy in all societies and bureaucratic structures are more likely to occur in particular sectors of the economy. Other Commentators have followed Kerr et al who suggest that industrial or post-industrial societies would in any case become more alike as they are developed in the future. The contrary argument that culture does matter when studying organisational behaviour can be seen in the work of Geert Hofstede. During his work Hofstede identified four dimensions of culture; power distance; uncertainty; avoidance; individualism; and masculinity (Hofstede, G 1980). Ensuring that Disney cast members are committed and motivated, and that they behave appropriately, is the most challenging part of Eisners role (Wetlaufer, S. 2000 a). There are various cultural and structural factors that have a direct affects on organisations that can impinge on the very success of the organisation. These are highlighted when an organisation attempts to redefine itself, to change their image in an attempt to maintain or to enhance their competitive capabilities (L Gratton, 1999). Creating a worldwide brand also means creating a common vision and, to create synergy among its businesses worldwide, Disney runs a program, Disney Dimensions, for senior executives drawn from every division of the company to ensure they work in a common aim. Eisner describes this program as a synergy boot camp. Participants have eight days of meetings, covering every aspect of the business. They dress up as Disney characters, oversee the catering, learn how beds are made and spend time in all the different Disney divisions learning what these do and how they work. Basically they are learning for 16 hours a day how to do every single job in the business (Wetlaufer, S. (2000 a). Disney entertains people, so an energised culture is encouraged. This is reinforced in weekly meetings that anyone could offer up an idea and gets other people to react to it. These are big, unruly, disruptive meetings, which supports institutionalised conflict. The honesty in the teams and culture is vital in this culture. This is in the environment where criticism goes up as well as down. In this culture where every one is equal, there is no pecking order it produces creativity (Wetlaufer, S. 2000). Managers achieve more indirect influence through symbolic methods. They use meetings, language, stories about the organisation, even architecture, in order to get some message across indirectly. The symbols of the Disney Corporation are everywhere, reinforcing the values to employees (Kotter, J.1999). An important aspect that adds to organisational effectiveness is synergy, when the whole performance is greater that the performance of the individual components, that the performance of the organisation outstrips the performance of the individual, this is positive synergy (Mullins. L. 2005).Positive synergy occurs when two or more processes or activities complement each other. The concept of synergy can be considered and implemented by changing the links that bind certain departments together, linking new departments together (Johnson G, , Scholes K, 2004). Mullins (2005) stated that his could lead to a broadly and powerfully defined culture which is strongly customer focused and capable of leap frogging the competition through continual and radical innovation (Mullins, L. 2005:256). Synergy occurs at Disney, because they all pull together. The products scream out for synergy. When launching a new product it is on the cover of our magazines, on the Disney channels around the world and displayed in the windows of the shops. All employees around the world know what is happening and are involved (Wetlaufer, S. 2000). Classical writers discussed the organisation in terms of its purpose, with its formal structure; the hierarchy of the organisation. The emphasis placed on planning work, achieving this through managing the technical requirements, and the presumption of logical and rational behaviour from within the organisation. Each individual classical writer puts forward their own interpretation of similar theories (Mullins, L 2005). Baker (1972) discussed these principals as it offered simple principals which claimed general application it also followed architectural and literary styles which emphasised formality, symmetry and rigidity (R Baker (1972) cited in Buchanan D and Huczynski A 1991: 430) The Disney Corporation treats its members with reverence, respecting the individuals diversity. However the uniform of its customer facing members demonstrates rigidity within the structure. Although the payment received from the employer is not the sole motivator it satisfies the contract of employment. Hegewisch (1991) wrote the pay packet is one of the most visible expression of the employment relationship, its main issue is the exchange between employer and employee, expressing a connection between the labour market, the individuals work and the performance of employing the organisation itself(Hegewisch (1991) cited in Beardwell I Holden L 1994 :500). The organisation pays employees well; their reasoning was to compensate employees enough so they didnt have to worry about money. This way, they argued, employees were made able to do their job, service the customer. Tom Peters focuses on this point when discussing closeness to the customer. To overspend on service people keeps customers happy and Disney knows what its customers like. It may cost Disney a lot and be unprofitable in the short run, but the company looks to the long run to keep those customers (Tom Peters cited in Anonymous1997). As the first leader in the Disney Corporation that is not a family member Michael Eisner has turned the organisation around. The success is world wide, with new products being launched continually. Michael Eisner style of leadership is completely the reverse of the way the organisation had been run. Ultimately, Michael Eisner is seeking to generate enthusiasm and involvement among Disney employees. Enthusiasm and involvement leads to motivated employees. This is achieved through reinforcing the culture of fun and innovation. The employees are paid well, to motivate them and to reduce financial worries that could impinge on their performance. Although creativity and innovation is encouraged it could be argued that the knowledge of the employees is viewed as objects to the organisation. Eisners leadership is transformational and charismatic. Transformational leaders provide the tools that can help employees achieve greatness. There are networks in place that increase the synergy within the organisation, all employees knows what the strategic plans are. Although the organisation has been reformed, we must not lose sight of the ultimate goal. Michael Eisner values the ideas of every individual and endeavours to offer a creative, fun environment in which they may ultimately see their ideas grow and take shape, adding to the Disney magic and of course, the bottom line Bibliography Beardwell I and Holden L,(1996) Human Resource Management Pitman Publishing, London Buchanan D, and Hucczynski A, (1991)Organisational Behaviour Prentice Hall, Padstow Burnes, B. (2000) (3rd Edition)  A Strategic Approach to Organisational Dynamics Pearson Education, Edinburgh Gratton, L (1999) Strategic Human Resource Management: Corporate Rhetoric and Human Reality.; Oxford University Press (UK), Oxford Grint, K. (2000) The Art of Leadership, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Hamlin, B. et al (2000) Organisational Change and Development,  Pearson Education, Edinburgh Hofstede G (1980) Cultures Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values, Pitman Publishing, London Johnson, G Scholes J (2004) (6th Edition) Exploring Corporate Strategy Prentice Hall, Hemmel Hempstead. Marchington M and Wilkinson A, (1997) Core Personnel and Development IPD publishing, London Rose M Industrial Behaviour (1978) Penguin Harmondsworth Steers,R. (1996) Motivation and Leadership at work McGraw-Hill Trompenaars F (1997)(2nd Edition) Riding the Waves of Culture, Nicholas Brealey London : Mullins, L (2005) (7th Edition) Management and Organisational Behaviour Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Edinburgh Anonymous(1997) How Disney uses differentiation to maintain distinctive quality Strategic Direction.  Bradford: May 1997 Cohendet, Pet al (1999). Knowledge co-ordination, competence creation and integrated networks in globalised firms Cambridge Journal of Economics Coyle, J. (2000) John P. Kotter on What Leaders Really Do (An interview with the author) Human Resource Planning Vol.23,   Drucker, P. et al (1997) Looking ahead: implications of the present. Harvard Business Review, Sept-Oct 1997 v75 Fletcher, B   Jones, F (1992) Cultural Auditing Managerial Auditing Journal Hightower, D. (1993) Creativity is your business too! Planning Review.  Sep/Oct 1993. Vol.21, Kotter. J. (1999) What Effective General Managers Really Do. Harvard Business Review, March-April 1999 v77 Wetlaufer, S. (2000) Common Sense and Conflict An Interview with Disneys Michael Eisner. Harvard Business Review, Jan 2000 v78 Wetlaufer, S. (2000 a) Reinventing Disney Strategic Direction, Sep 2000.Vol.16,

Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird :: essays research papers

One of the principal aims of To Kill a Mockingbird is to subject the narrator to a series of learning experiences and then observe how much she profits from her experiences. There is rarely a chapter that does not teach Scout something new or does not build toward a new learning experience. So, one rewarding approach to the novel is throughout an examination of these experiences.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the largest view, Scout learns about (1) justice and injustice through the Tom Robinson trial; (2) prejustice and its effects on the processes of the law and society; (3) courage as manifested in ways others act; and (4) respect for individuality of the human being. On a smaller scale, Scout learns numerous things about numerous people; she becomes aware of the difficulty of being a lady, particularly when under dressed; and she learns when to fight and not to fight.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many of scouts learning experiences being in clearly insignificant scenes. Ultimately she must learn to respect the difference in behavior between vastly different people, especially when the behavior differs from the normal as radically as in the cases of Boo Radley, Mrs. Dubose, and the Cunninghams. So early in the novel, Scout in the novel, Scout is faced with some confusing experiences at school, where she confronts a teacher who dosen’t understand why she can read and where she meets Walter Cunningham. Later, Atticus explains to her that to judge a person you must try to see things from that person’s point of view. You must learn to walk aroun in his skin. Then you cab uderstand better why a person acts or belives what he does.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Only at the end of the novel does Scout finally learn to respect this saying. Until then, she remains curious and confused why Boo never came out of his house. In the meantime she goes through a series of maturing experiences. She learns how to see her from the teachers point of view; she tries to judge the Cunninghams and the Ewells from their side; she bears the insults of the town and particularly the apperent viciousness of Mrs. Duboes. From all of these, she learns to look at the individuality of the others!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For Scout, courage is most often something with physical act and involves personal danger. It is very difficult for Scout to see that greater courage is often required in other places of life. Scout learns that the greatest courage can be found in a situation where a person knows that he is going to lose and still continues to fight.

Four P’s of Redbox

4 P’s of Redbox: Product Redbox’s products consist of DVD, Blu-ray disc and video game rentals. Each of the discs come secured with a barcoded DVD case and are vended from a kiosk. These kiosks are self-serve, customer- interactive computer terminals that are available for public use. Each of Redbox’s kiosks can hold up to 200 titles and 630 discs. Redbox is known for their signature color, being red, displayed on both their kiosks and their product cases. The color red was chosen to stand out and assist in attracting customers. At these kiosks customers can browse the selection of DVD’s by categories such as genre, latest releases, most popular and alphabetical order. The rental period for the discs end at 9:00 the night after they were rented; and can be returned to any Redbox kiosk location regardless of where they were rented from. 4 P’s of Redbox: Place Like mentioned above, the DVD’s and video games are dispensed from Redbox kiosks. The kiosks can be found in grocery stores, pharmacies, mass retailers, convenience stores and fast food restaurants. There are approximately 31,500 kiosk locations across the United States, Puerto Rico and Canada. If a customer wants to know where the closest Redbox location is or is having trouble finding a Redbox location, they have two options; they can download the Redbox mobile app on their cell phone or text the word â€Å"FIND† to the number ‘727272’. According to the official Redbox website, 68% of the United States population lives within only a five minute drive of a kiosk, which is very convenient for the customer. 4 P’s of Redbox: Price The movie rentals originally started out at just $1 a day (including tax), but due to expenses the company has incurred, the movie rentals are now up to $1.20 a day. Blu-ray discs are $1.50 and video games are $2 per day. The DVD’s and video games can be purchased with only a debit or credit card. For every extra day the customer holds onto the disc, they will be charged for another rental period. The maximum rental period is 25 days, and the maximum rental charge is $25. So, once the maximum charge is reached, the disc becomes the owners to keep and does not need to be returned.4 P’s of Redbox: Promotion For promotion, Redbox offers their â€Å"Redbox Text Club† which sends out deals, freebies and free promo codes every month to customers who have signed up to receive text messages from them. Redbox also offers their â€Å"Refer-A-Friend Program†. With this program, individuals can receive rental credits for referring new cus tomers; these rental credits can then be redeemed and used towards getting a free rental. Individuals can also receive freebies, reviews, and the latest news from if they follow Redbox on Facebook. If customers decide to reserve a DVD or video game ahead of time, they can also receive rental credits and get their first reservation rental for free.

AsianAmericans and concentration camps in WWII essays

AsianAmericans and concentration camps in WWII essays In the early 1940s, there was evidence of Japanese-American loyalty and innocence, but the information was not always well known. This, coupled with the factors of war hysteria led to the legal upholding of concentration camps in Korematsu v. U.S. (1944). The injustice was clouded, most immediately by the war, and indirectly by racism at home. The sneak attack on Pearl Harbor left a permanent indent on the way Americans viewed the Japanese. Indeed, it was this one act which thrust the isolationist U.S. into the middle of the worlds biggest war. The brutal attack, so close to home, was viewed as sneaky and underhanded. This, added to the fact that the Japanese were rumored to have an amazingly effective spy system on Hawaii and the West Coast, led the Japanese-Americans to become highly suspected individuals. They were even a more immediate threat than communists, since they required an eventual takeover, and Germans, since they were preoccupied by numerous enemies. In addition, the Japanese-Americans were concentrated on the Western Coast and could thus organize better. There is also the chasm of culture; ignorance is the key to racism, and the average American knew very little of the lifestyle and customs of the Far East. This led to more suspicion. There were also facts going against the Japanese-Americans. According to the Munson Report, 98% of Japanese-Americans were loyal to the U.S. This is an impressive number; however, in times of war, 2% sabotaging on mainland America was a major threat. A more startling fact that tarnished the Japanese-American reputation was the fact that Japan was rumored to have an extremely effective spy system on the West Coast. There were even some conspiracy theorists that rationalized that the sneaky Japanese were merely waiting for the right time to strike, as they did at Pearl Harbor. The people were scared of the Japanese, and in a democracy, the people have a voice...

Free Essays on Prisoner of Azkaban

An Elegantly Woven Tapestry Plotlines in Prisoner of Azkaban In a way, it's true that there is no single central plot in Prisoner of Azkaban, because one candidate (Quidditch) lacks gravitas and another (Sirius v. Harry) proves to be an illusion. But in terms of what plotline drives the book, I would say it's the latter. We "know" from very early on that Sirius Black is trying to kill Harry, and we know there will be a confrontation at the endand there is. The only reason that we look back and say "that wasn't the main storyline" is that there's a twist. And that's why the story doesn't wrap up in the Shrieking Shack, even though that scene seems like it's going to be the climax. Beyond that, there is another focal point: the whole backstory of MWPP (and S). One of the many things I love about the book is that while Harry is going about his lifelighter things like wanting to go to Hogsmeade and playing Quidditch, heavier things like hearing his parents and coping with Dementorsthere is another drama mostly invisible to him (and to us, until the second reading): that of Lupin, Black, Snape, and, if you think about it, Pettigrew. We think the story is about Black trying to kill Harry, so the plot seems focused on that; but that's not what the story is about. It's about Sirius in a whole different way, and it's as much about Pettigrew, and right on out of the pages of this volume to Voldemort. The more I think about the plotting of PA, the more impressive it seems. JKR has all these threads going, and they're interwoven in amazing ways: -the most-important-to-Harry thread (Quidditch) -the emotional thread (Dementors/J&L). It is interwoven with Quidditch, without which Harry wouldn't keep hearing his parents' voices. -the drives-the-plot thread (Sirius trying to kill Harry), interwoven with the seemingly trivial thread of Harry trying to get into the village (key because of the Sirius plot, and because it in... Free Essays on Prisoner of Azkaban Free Essays on Prisoner of Azkaban An Elegantly Woven Tapestry Plotlines in Prisoner of Azkaban In a way, it's true that there is no single central plot in Prisoner of Azkaban, because one candidate (Quidditch) lacks gravitas and another (Sirius v. Harry) proves to be an illusion. But in terms of what plotline drives the book, I would say it's the latter. We "know" from very early on that Sirius Black is trying to kill Harry, and we know there will be a confrontation at the endand there is. The only reason that we look back and say "that wasn't the main storyline" is that there's a twist. And that's why the story doesn't wrap up in the Shrieking Shack, even though that scene seems like it's going to be the climax. Beyond that, there is another focal point: the whole backstory of MWPP (and S). One of the many things I love about the book is that while Harry is going about his lifelighter things like wanting to go to Hogsmeade and playing Quidditch, heavier things like hearing his parents and coping with Dementorsthere is another drama mostly invisible to him (and to us, until the second reading): that of Lupin, Black, Snape, and, if you think about it, Pettigrew. We think the story is about Black trying to kill Harry, so the plot seems focused on that; but that's not what the story is about. It's about Sirius in a whole different way, and it's as much about Pettigrew, and right on out of the pages of this volume to Voldemort. The more I think about the plotting of PA, the more impressive it seems. JKR has all these threads going, and they're interwoven in amazing ways: -the most-important-to-Harry thread (Quidditch) -the emotional thread (Dementors/J&L). It is interwoven with Quidditch, without which Harry wouldn't keep hearing his parents' voices. -the drives-the-plot thread (Sirius trying to kill Harry), interwoven with the seemingly trivial thread of Harry trying to get into the village (key because of the Sirius plot, and because it in...

CJ6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CJ6 - Essay Example Its evolution further included thief catchers and legislations but increase in crime rates let to establishment of a formal police force in the 17th century. Position of the sheriff was established with duties such as apprehension, tax collection, and management of public funds but crimes continued to increase. Texas Rangers was then formed in 1823 to protect settlers’ interest and became a lawful entity after 1870. Other agencies were also forms such as Federal Marshals (1989) and Metropolitan Police Force (1845). The current police system in the United States is however more complex, the most complex in the world, and exist at federal, state, county, local, and private levels. The federal branch is part of the executive government branch and enforces provisions of the US criminal code and consists of the FBI, ATF, US Marshals Service, Homeland Security, Customers and border Protection, Secret Service, Coast Guard, IRS, and US Postal Service. State police force exists in every state with limited jurisdiction of enforcing state laws in their states. Counties and municipals also have their police systems headed by county sheriffs and enforce laws within their geographical jurisdictions. The private police sector is another branch and is significant in apprehending

The Medium is the message - explore what Marshall McLuhan meant by Essay

The Medium is the message - explore what Marshall McLuhan meant by this statement, tie it to ways the Internet and telecommunica - Essay Example The medium is the message as a metaphor is important in understanding the new electronic media as well. One could well argue that the medium is the unconscious of the media. Every medium is encrypted with its own messages which in turn substantially influence the message or the content. It is through analyzing the shift from traditional media to the new electronic media; McLuhan understood the nuances of medium as the message. The purpose of the essay is to examine the major postulates of McLuhan’s theoretical leap and some of the responses to from other scholars against the new developments in media of the present world. McLuhan’s Conception of Medium Although, the sentence ‘medium is the message’ is apparently very simple; it has many complex connotations. At first, it is just equating the medium with the message. Secondly but most importantly, if medium is the message, all other messages become secondary or non-messages. Therefore, it stipulates that the medium is the primary message and whatever message is inscripted on it is not substantial or exist only in permanent reference to the message of the medium. McLuhan does not negate the existence of the message of the content; therefore, he asserts that â€Å"although the medium is the message, the controls go beyond the programming. The restraints are always directed to the ‘content’, which is always another medium† (305). It means that the message of the medium is primary and the message of the content withstand only with reference to the message. It is important to remember that every medium is the extension of human capabilities and different mediums alters different human capabilities in different ways. Medium is what is form in literature; it is not just capturing the content but reproduces it in many ways. As we cannot understand an art work without deconstructing the form, the message of a media can only be understood when we deconstruct the politics of i ts medium. It is widely observed that the communication revolution in the technological sphere has not yet turned out to be a communication revolution in the real world. Although, there exist actual potentials for disseminating information which is crucial to enhance democracy among the broad masses, the internet media world has not advanced much in this line. Not only the media has failed in deepening democracy in general but also is unable to substantiate democracy within itself. It is because of the fact that as a medium the new information communication technologies are necessarily fragmented and not amenable to deep contemplation. By and large, global media is controlled the big corporations which are even more wealthy than a number of countries in the Global South. The much celebrated ‘marketplace of ideas’ is no more considered as free as it appears. It is not just because of the fact that American media conglomerates have more corporate and monitory power. On th e other hand, the new media technologies as medium are highly amenable to corporatization and monopolization. Therefore, we never have a media world without monopolies; one monopoly will always be replaces with another. The emergence of terms such as public service broadcasting, alternative media, citizen’s journalism, and independent media centers and so on denotes both the phenomenal corporatization of media and the ongoing global

Compare and contrast spanish, mexican and american periods in CA Essay

Compare and contrast spanish, mexican and american periods in CA history - Essay Example Thus, the Spanish period boosted the economy of California through agriculture. The Spanish periods was a time that Cattle rearing became very common amongst the people of California as this was introduced by the missions. California began to be under Mexican control in 1825. The dominance of the Mexicans of California was after their independence from Spain in 1821. Alta California, which was when the name of the region became an official territory of the Mexicans in 1825. Some influential Californians were distraught by the wealth and affluence of the Spanish missions and they sought help from the Mexicans and the newly independent Mexico helped to suppress the powers of the Spanish rule in California. Thus, the people of California were actually the ones that invited the Mexicans to come to their aid and rescue them from the hands of the Spanish missions. The Mexicans converted the mission lands in California to settlement region in 1833. The end of the Spanish rule in California saw the fading of the missions in the region and the emergence and further development of cattle ranching in the region as the lands that were seized from the missions were used for ranching and trade by the Mexicans. Thus, it could be inferred that, the Mexican period was more acceptable to the people of California than the Spanish period (Rolle 21-23). The Mexican period ended in the 1840s and there was actually a series of bloodless strife between the indigenes of California and the Mexican authority up to the time that the Mexican rule lasted in the region. The American settlement in California actually started towards the end of the Mexican period in the region. The Americans that initially went to the region before the 1840s were adventurers, fur trappers, and sailors. In 1840, hundreds of American settlers lived in California and this increased the numbers of United States settlers during the initial stage

Reproductive Rights as a Historical and Feminist Issue Essay Example for Free

Reproductive Rights as a Historical and Feminist Issue Essay One of the biggest issues facing women in American society today has been an issue bouncing around in politics for decades: reproductive rights. Women can never have equal opportunity to men without equal opportunity to make their own decisions about their bodies. Reproductive rights for women not only include the right to abort a pregnancy, but it also involves any choice a woman may make concerning her body. She must have the right to choose when she wants to get pregnant, choose when she wants to have sex, have easy access to information about her body and reproductive system, as well as access to contraceptives and non-stigmatized medical care. Today’s women in American society still have to battle the right to information, the right to contraceptives, and the right to abortion. Sex Education in public schools has always been a widely debated topic in American History. Determining what information to give out and how old the children need to be is constantly being argued. However, many programs are only preaching abstinence, especially to young women. Young men on the other hand get the â€Å"condom talk. † Very little information about female contraceptives, physical or medicinal, is ever discussed in these sex education sessions. Rebecca Walker, in 1995, wrote that young women must be treated as growing, learning, individuals, and need information concerning â€Å"sex and access to birth control and abortion† in order to nurture their self-esteem and protect them from violence. With limited access to information, women are being denied the ability to make a fully cognitive decision about their bodies. Even women who have heard about female contraceptives tend to still only know very little about their options. Most women have only ever heard or relied on â€Å"the pill,† which during long-term use can sometimes have negative side effects on women. In its early stages of development and use, many women suffered severe side effects from the drug. The stigma against female contraceptives is very interesting. Could this be a resurgence of the idea that women should not have sexual inclinations? Female condoms, diaphragms, and other barrier methods besides the male condom can be confusing and intimidating for a woman to seek out, and many resort to the pill or â€Å"being careful. † In this instance both information and availability go hand-in-hand to allow women the knowledge to make an informed decision about their body. In 1891, Harriot Stanton Blatch (daughter of famous Elizabeth Cady Stanton) spoke out about a new term â€Å"Voluntary Motherhood. † She claimed that the upheld idea of motherhood as the highest moral position woman should strive to achieve was a lie, and that women who mothered unwelcome children were scorned. This creates another example of a double standard placed against women in society. The most notable of reproductive rights issues debated throughout history and into the present is the constitutionality of abortion. In 1973, the famous Roe vs. Wade Supreme Court case made all state laws against abortion deemed unconstitutional. However, lawmakers sought to impose regulations that still kept women from being able to control their bodies, defining who, when, and under what condition a woman could have the procedure. Many â€Å"pro-life† activists began criminal attacks on abortion clinics, 167 were reported between 1982 and 1997. [3] Feminists, especially in the second-wave movement, insisted that the choice of having an abortion was not a medical or criminal debate, but a â€Å"highly personal decision that belonged only to the woman who was pregnant. †[4] Women of color in American society during the 1970s also faced reproductive rights issues of their own. Many women of color in low economic standing were pressured into having sterilization procedures. These women were forced to make the life-altering decision usually while they were on the table just after delivering their child. Female sterilization of colored women at this time was equated to racial genocide, as it drastically cut down the predicted birthrate. Repugnant as this was, many states were chastised because they would fund these sterilizations but they would not support welfare programs to support these same families. Women should be able to make their own decisions about their bodies, especially when it comes to their sexual identity. Women should be able to decide whether or not they want to carry a child, and those who argue that women who deny motherhood are not listening to the women who argue for reproductive rights. Women need the power to control their bodies because that is the epitome of owning the power to be considered an equal in society. Women would not end up in abusive situations concerning their bodies if information and prevention were more readily available. With knowledge comes power, and that is proven in every argument through history. Argument for reproductive rights becomes a national topic every time the presidential race rolls around.