Size 0 Ban

Jenny’s 2nd rebuttal (: (2 minutes) Size zero In our society, image is everything. We strive for what is considered to be the â€Å"ideal appearance†. For the modern generation, fashion is uppermost. For some girls their ambition is to become â€Å"size zero†. We want or need to show we are following the latest fashion trends. However, recent news reports indicate that size zero models are so obsessed with their size that they become anorexic. Being fascinated by the fashion industry myself, it is important to explore the question: â€Å"Why should or should not size zero models be allowed to walk on the catwalk? Size zero models should not be allowed on the catwalk. They are a bad influence on teenage girls who desire to look like these size zero â€Å"role† models. Young girls who attempt a â€Å"zero† do not develop as they should. They are more likely to have severe health concerns later on in life. Also Karl Largerfield from Chanel explained t hat the fashion industry only used skinny models becasue they were literally meant to be moving mannequins/hangers so that the clothes would be seen at their minimum potential.But the media twisted things. A further argument that we frequently encounter, is that size zero puts pressure on young women who are overweight. By comparing themselves to â€Å"zeros† young women only achieve low self-esteem. They are made to think they are unattractive. They go through the stress of unsafe cosmetic surgeries such as tummy tucks, to appear like fashion icons. Celebrity nutritionist Dr Adam Carey says that, â€Å"I think the current vogue is disgusting. I think it is very unhealthy. It is also argued that many girls who are wanting to become models in the future, put themselves through a lot of anxiety to be slim, so they get accepted in the fashion industry. These girls attempt to try to be lean by starving themselves which can result in eating disorders. Some people believe that siz e zero models should not be banned because they have the same right as everyone else to become a model. However, if everyone did have the right to become a model, then the runways would be filled with a wide variety of different sized girls, not just the same tiny girls over and over again.You can't see what's horrible about only taking models who are underweight? And it's a lot different to ask for brunette models only: What about the size 5 models who want to be in this organization? They would have to lose weight, and we all know the dire consequences that can arise out of this. It's disgusting that a requirement they have is to be amongst the skinniest of the skinniest. It's quite obvious that girls are needing to become smaller and smaller for the modeling industry. Just imagine what it's gonna be like for girls in the future.

Corporate Communication Essay

Introduction The organization which this report will be based on is called Mirihi Island Resort. Mirihi Island Resort is a five star resort located in a secluded island in South Ari atoll of Maldives. It consists of 36 rooms from 6 are beach villas and the remaining 30 are water villas. This resort is under Crown Company (Mohamed, 2014). There are total of 145 staffs mixed from all levels. 60% of the staffs are from Maldives and the rest of the staffs are from India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Germany, Switzerland, Netherlands, China, Thailand and etc. Their slogan is â€Å"Mirihi as â€Å"unique† as you†. Like as said in the slogan, Mirihi is a very unique resort. No wearing of shoes or sandals, no motorized water sports, no night animation and no TV’s in the room makes their customers feel like being in Maldives and unique (Mohamed, 2014). Vision Mirihi’s vision is to be always on top of all the Maldivian resorts in service and standard wise to make challenging for other hotels. To be most quiet and peaceful resort in the country as well never pushes on sales. Respect all different culture by providing the same levels of services. Staffs will be well trained for an excellence services and try utmost to motivate the staffs by whichever possible way (Mohamed, 2014). Mission In this highly developing tourism industry; their aim is to keep the guests satisfaction up to the standard while providing services in a quick and efficient way. Focus on improving service standard by observing difference between the resorts and from guest’s feedbacks. Maintain the cleanliness of the rooms, increasing the food quality rapidly, continuous updating the information and training for the staffs, flexibility, making customer feels special and as well â€Å"everything is possible† attitude will be the best advantages to achieve the goals. Never stop trying until achieve the goal (Mohamed, 2014). This report will be evaluating and analyzing the corporate communication of Mirihi Island Resort. Discussion Definition of corporate communication Corporate communication is managing an organization’s internal and external communications with the purpose of establishing and maintaining favorable reputations with its various audience to the mutual benefits of both and to its improved competitive advantage (Kalahub, 2009), (Richard, 2000). Corporate communication includes advertising, public relations and marketing, marketing communications, but they all function under a managed perspective (Kalahub, 2009). Functions of corporate communication There are many functions of corporate communication. Among some of them are discussed below. Media Relations Among all the functions this may be the function for which corporate communication managers are well known. It is because they are engaged in the media relation works, where they have to write and distribute news releases with responding to media enquiries. Corporate communication manager have to oversee all planning for news conferences. Also the manager has to arrange everything needed for the spokesperson to appear on the local television and the radio programs. In addition to that the manager also have to monitor all the news broadcasters and other outlets to see what the media is talking about the company and have to advise strategies to address misinformation (Frederick, 2014). Public Relations Under public relations fall, building relationships with customers and responding to studies from the public. Here, the corporate communication manager is responsible for providing all the information needed to the general public through newsletters, brochures and other printed materials. He/she also has to manage the company’s website by monitoring the feedbacks given by the public and responding to inaccurate posts or requests for information in order to build a good relationship between the public and the organization (Frederick, 2014). Crisis Communication If something unexpected happened in a company that will be a threat to public  safety or company’s reputation. For such a critical event all staff should be well trained and prepared for it as it will help corporate communication to prepare for it in a short period of time. Corporate communicators mainly works with their own staff to develop crisis communication before any disaster strikes but in case of developing crisis message they should work with different of people or company, it might be a political officials, attorneys or an emergency response person. Therefore it’s the responsibility of corporate communicators to advise senior leaders in a company to manage the crisis (Frederick, 2014). Employee Communications When a company needs to deliver a message to external audience, the corporate communication manager may has to act as employee communications manager. Being that position they have to design printed publications and write emails to announce company news, important information and training opportunities. Corporate communicator also may have to create a focus group to learn what issues the front-line employees are mostly facing. Also they give advices to the senior leaders on how to improve relationships with their staffs and gain support for the initiatives. In general, the corporate communicator manages a company’s Intranet and internal blogs (Frederick, 2014). Investor Relations The main purpose of investor relations is to reassure shareholders that by investing in the company they have taken a wise move, and even though if they don’t want to buy more shares they should continue to hold onto their shares. The importance of this communication is towards the financial success of the company and the decisions it makes that lead to growth. Therefore the employees involve in investor relations has prepare regular financial and management reports and briefs for the financial media (Scotter, 2014). Internal Communication In the internal communication the corporate communicator has to focus on aligning staff with the organizational values and purpose. Therefore, the corporate communication manager has to arrange staff conferences with senior managers, sharing stories on the company intranet and organizing award schemes to reinforce organizational values. Internal communication often  mediates with media relations, sharing positive coverage internally to raise morale (Scotter, 2014). Corporate Advertising Corporate advertising is any advertisement that focuses more on public relation than sales promotion. The purpose of the advertisement is to build a company’s image, reputation and presence among the general public or within the industry. Corporate advertising is regarded as one of a variety of communication tool that is used to promote the desired corporate brand’s corporate identity rather than promoting company’s specific products or services (Zulhamri, 2012). Public Affairs In an organization at the local, state and federal level, all the sectors are subject to laws and regulations. Therefore, public affairs staffs’ job is to forward organization’s case for amendments to existing legislation. In some cases they have to campaign for new laws as well. For this reason public affairs staff’s job often work with media relations to run integrated campaigns (Scotter, 2014). Definitions of Identity, Image and Reputation Identity A company’s identity is what the company is, the way the company is being recognized and the characteristics that defines the company (Corp, 2014). For example the company’s name is a part of its identity. Image An image of an organization is the perceptions that different people hold of an organization. Such perceptions differs depending on how well people know the organization. Some perceptions are derived from people’s individual experiences and impressions of the organization and also by the marketing and communication activities (Bailey, 2008). For example when someone says Rolex watch the first thing that comes to the mind is the quality and the price of the product. It is because the Rolex watch is commercialized in such a way that people believes that it is expensive hence a quality product. Reputation It is the collection of perceptions about a company that is hold by the stakeholders with whom it relates, both internal and external† (Munich, 2008). For example Apple Company is a very high reputed company, hence they provide high quality products and they have been continuously trying to keep on their standard. Analysis Analyzing using Rep Track Model In every organization it is very important to analyze their image, identity and reputation in order to be successful. To analyze these three things the best tool or model is the Rep Track Model. It is the world’s first standardized tool for tracking reputation of globally across stakeholder groups. It tracks 23 key performance indicators grouped around 7 reputation dimensions that is effective in getting stakeholders to support the company that has been proven by researchers. The following diagram shows an illustration of Rep Track Model. The seven reputation dimensions will be used to analyze the reputation of the selected company, Mirihi Island Resort. Product/Services Mirihi is a service oriented company. Reviewed by many customers that has been to Mirihi, they have a high quality service which fulfills customer requirements and their needs. Compare to other top most leading resorts, Mirihi has high prices for their packages, compare to their service. Because in Mirihi there are no televisions available in the room and the rooms are not so big. It’s not because they can’t afford it or they don’t want to give that service. It is because they want their customers to get the chance to be relaxed without being engaged to the news and other media entertainments. On the other hand they provide high speed Wi-Fi so they can be in touch with their family and friends. However their customers are very much comfortable and happy with their service. Innovation Mirihi is the first resort in the Maldives who provided the service of encountering whale sharks for their customers. And they keep trying to come up with new innovations to make their services more and more unique. They are very flexible for their customers, can come up with their own ideas of  different activities or services. Also they always try to change their way of giving services. Workplace If any one goes through the reviews about Mirihi Island Resort it will see from all the comments about their wonderful staffs and their fantastic service. This shows that how happily the staffs are working in order to build the reputation of the company. Mirihi management always make sure that their employees are well trained and highly motivated. Therefore they frequently conduct training sessions for all the staffs including top management staffs. They don’t discriminate between their staffs, they distribute early bonus and salary increments equally and fairly. Mirihi gives full support for the staffs who wants to invent things and those who wants to study as well. Mirihi staffs has the opportunity to internally change their positions. Governance In Mirihi they have general session in every month to share their achievements, financial situations, about the allowances starting from the last four years so that it is easy to compare and about all the upcoming programs or events. They are very transparent as they always tell exactly the situation with the government regarding the taxes to their staffs. And they prepare annual report and submit it to the government and also they pay taxes on time. They make sure that their staffs are aware and follow the rules and regulations public by the government. Citizenship Mirihi is a very environmentally friend company. They never cut down the trees and according to their policy cutting down the trees are prohibited unless it is very necessary. They have very strict rules for the guests not to stand on the corals, not to collect anything from the sea, not to put anything in to the sea and not to feed the fishes. And the guests are Leadership In Mirihi they have charismatic Managers. From the management they always make sure that they keep on the standards or improve their level to get on the top most. Whenever they face any issues or threats they overcome it making suitable strategies. They make sure that their staffs are comfortable  with their given resources. Performance They have been as the top resort on the famous travelling website for almost one year. At the moment also they are in the top six. From this clearly can be seen that they performed well with high profitability. Monthly and annually they make huge profit compare to their expectations and therefore they are able to provide early bonus to their staffs with an amount of around MVR10,000 for each staff. Their market share has been growth, still being among the smallest resorts in the Maldives. Recommendation Even though Mirihi is a profit gaining and reputed company, there are few things that they need to improve. †¢They need to have corporate communication department to analyze their re †¢They should conduct performance appraisals or evaluate their staffs performance more frequently and give feedbacks on their performance so that they know what are things that need to be improved. †¢Mirihi should provide a 24 hour room service to make their service better since they don’t have a 24 hour restaurant or a bar. †¢There are not enough sun beds on the beach for the guests to enjoy the sun bath. So they should provide more sun beds on the beach. †¢Finally the guest Wi-Fi and the staffs Wi-Fi is very slow and the guest Wi-Fi is not available most of the areas like specially in the spa. So they should provide Wi-Fi to the most areas so that their service could be more improves. And the Wi-Fi should fast. Bibliography Bailey, S. R. (2008). InternationalEncyclopedia of Orgnaization Studies. SAGE publications, Inc. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412956246 Corp. (2014). Your Dictionary. Retrieved from Your Dictionary Web site: http://www.yourdictionary.com/identity Frederick, A. (2014). Small Business.chron. Retrieved from Small Business.chron Web site: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/functions-corporate-communication-department-23716.html Kalahub. (2009, November 07). Slide Share. Retrieved from Slide Share Web site: http://www.slideshare.net/9924927019/corporate-communication-2444333

Is commercial surveilliance in the UK effectively monitored and Essay

Is commercial surveilliance in the UK effectively monitored and regulated by the Security Industry Authority - Essay Example he local private security industry including a long list of approving licences to companies such as security guards, vehicle immobilisers, the key holders, private investigators and the security consultants including the licensing of manned guarding which includes cash and valuables in transit, close protection, door supervision, public space Close Circuit Television (CCTV) systems, and security guard. (Security Industry Authority, 2007) According to Sir Digby Jones, the Director-General of the CBI, the â€Å"Security Industry Authority will bring us a better regulated and professional private security services throughout the country as it welcomes the introduction of a new standards in the security industry†. (SIA and CBI, 2005: 2) Based on a recent survey on 500 British companies in 2005, almost 25% never spend money on security devices and 49% did not bother to come up with a contingency plan in case of serious crimes or other related activities that may harm the normal functioning of the business. (Culver, 2005) CCTV Operators came into effect all over England and Wales. (SIA, 2007b) With the new Security Industry Authority vision1, it is possible to reduce the incidence of crime, promote peace and disorder, as well as eliminate the fear caused by criminal acts throughout the United Kingdom. For the purpose of the study, the researcher has stated the research proposal as â€Å"to determine whether the commercial surveillance in UK, particularly the licensing of the heavily promoted of CCTV installations, is really effectively being monitored and strictly regulated by the Security Industry Authority or not† by conducting an intensive up-to-date literature review. Based on the research proposal, the researcher will define a list of specific research questions that are directly or indirectly related to the research proposal. Aside from the literature review, the researcher aims to conduct a separate research proposal by using related survey questionnaires. These

Implications of Social Media in Organizations Essay

Implications of Social Media in Organizations - Essay Example As the research findings all these factors contribute a lot towards defining the success of any organization. This is because, for any organization to succeed in the competitive world markets, it is necessary for such an organization to meet these diversities in cultures, beliefs, as well as races relevant to their interests on products alongside meeting their changes in attitudes and tastes. It is important to note that social media is available in several forms for the companies as well as organizations to chose from. The major host is the internet. There are a number of websites including Facebook, Twitter, and My Space amongst others, which greatly influence the organizational communication. As the paper discusses majority of the organizations nowadays employ the use of social media predominantly for communicating to their customers and to the general public for a number of reasons. These may involve the fact that social media hosts a large number of people, ranging to millions. The millions of users of such social media is a good representative indicator of success of any business organization since they always determine the customer base of such organizations. It is of critical significance to acknowledge the fact that social media is one of the increasing phenomena in the current society. Social media has a lot of influence in the organizations progress relevant to communication.

Juvenile crime prevention Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Juvenile crime prevention - Assignment Example LifeSkills ® Training is a classroom-based prevention program which is aimed at reducing the consumption of tobacco, alcohol and drugs by young people aged 11-18 (Crime Solutions, 2014). The program is appropriate for both genders. The content of the program meets the demands of white population only. The content of the program has several important aims. It promotes healthy lifestyle, teaches student social and personal skills which can be helpful and provides a good background for social resistance to unhealthy behavior. The program has 5 components which include self-improvement, coping with anxiety, decision-making, social skills training and cognitive components. Stress on these 5 components influences young people complexly. After the program cigarette, alcohol and drug use among students drops. They become aware about the consequences of their actions and can resist peer-pressure which is common in any community (Crime Solutions, 2014). The National Health Promotion Associat es   provides appropriate training for all people who want to participate in this program in their community.   Positive outcomes of the program make it very popular in different educational establishments for youth. These two programs are different in their content, target audience and strategies. LifeSkills ® increases awareness among youth and teaches them t make right choices in their lives. Both programs are proved to be effective in juvenile justice for crime and delinquency prevention (Crime Solutions, 2014).

Performance Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Performance Management - Essay Example The script shows that whether or not an employee manages to attain the assigned goals also depends upon the extent to which he/she has been facilitated in doing so by the top management. This is the aspect of performance management that is often underemphasized. Achieving company’s goals is not only a horizontal team effort on the part of the employees, but also a vertical team effort wherein top management and everybody done the line forms part of a team. This is a very interesting script. The fact that there are just two characters in it that conduct the dialogue with each other makes the scenario easier to comprehend. The script also provides an example of how peers can educate each other on important concepts like performance management and performance appraisal in a hardly 5-minute talk in the office environment. This not only improves their social connectivity and increases their knowledge, but also helps them develop rapport with each other so as to work productively in the form of

Research paper about an artist and one of his artwork - 1

About an artist and one of his artwork - Research Paper Example This is what David Hockney faced in Bradford, West Yorkshire, where he came from (The Telegraph). He was a young gay guy with fantasies and longings that did not fit with where he was (Dorment). Being gay was not the only trait that made him different. He was also a conscientious objector (The Telegraph). Of course he was also an artist, and it was said that he broke all the rules (Dorment). The early days of his career in art were situated in an interesting time, historically. His art was part of the exhibition that ushered in British Pop Art (The Telegraph). In 1963, he visited New York and connected with Andy Warhol (The Telegraph). He visited Los Angeles, fell in love with it, and he became intrigued with swimming pools and the relaxed Southern California culture (Walker Art Gallery). He painted a series of pool theme pictures, including â€Å"Peter Getting Out of Nick’s Pool† in 1966 (Liverpool National Museums). In a review of an exhibition of this and Hockney’s other Los Angeles works from this period, it is stated that Hockney’s arrival in Los Angeles was like an airplane taking off, the way his career so quickly gathered force and lifted off to become one of the great artistic careers of the 20th century (Dorment). The Hippie movement was happening at the time. The structure of the family, gender roles, sexual expression, standards of privacy and openness were all subjects of experimentation. David was young enough to be influenced by the waves of social change but old enough to be a little more mature than some. The painting perfectly affirmed what he loved and aspects of life he wanted to hold up for the pleasure of others (Dorment). However, he expressed himself honestly while maintaining respect and decorum. One of the main techniques he used to do this was leaving a border or frame of unpainted canvas around the painting. Hockney wanted to emphasise the process of picture-making and the artifice

Globalization and Cultural Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Globalization and Cultural Change - Essay Example There are many convincing arguments both against and in favor of globalization. Those against globalization have one primary concern; they claim that globalization benefits corporations while harming people. It is feared that globalization reduces human rights, harms the environment, undermines sovereignty, and increases inequality. Below are some important points for and against globalization. Strengths and Opportunities: Productivity grows more quickly when countries produce goods and services in which they have a comparative advantage. Living standards can go up faster. Global competition and cheap imports keep a lid on prices, so inflation is less likely to derail economic growth. An open economy spurs innovation with fresh ideas from abroad. Export jobs often pay more than other jobs. Unfettered capital flows give the U.S. access to foreign investment and keep interest rates low. Weaknesses and Threats: Millions of Americans have lost jobs due to imports or production shifts abroad. Most find new jobs--that pay less. Millions of others fear losing their jobs, especially at those companies operating under competitive pressure. Workers face pay-cut demands from employers, which often threaten to export jobs. Service and white-collar jobs are increasingly vulnerable to operations moving offshore. U.S. employees can lose their comparative advantage when companies build advanced factories in low-wage countries, making them as productive as those at home. Anthropology can be very beneficial in the study of globalization if properly organized. Corporations, firms, NGOs, non-profits, governments, universities, policymakers and a host of other entities comprised of humans interact daily in global networks. They are underpinned, for the most part, by a neo-liberal framework constructed in assumptions about rational choices. Many anthropologists study these networks, frameworks and assumptions, grounding them within particular socio cultural contexts. Anthropology, however, has yet to engage in an exploration of its own assumptions, findings and responses to "globalization" in an attempt to integrate our anthropological understanding of these processes, to evaluate the questions that frame research and advocacy and the methods used in carrying these out, and to communicate our contributions in this area of research to our discipline, policymakers and the public. The implications that globalization has on societies is quite extreme, especially in the developing third world nations. For example, Thousands of farms and homes in east and central India are being swallowed up by coal mines financed by the World Bank. The entire village of Balanda was demolished last year by bulldozers. The local villagers were sent to the "resettlement colony" of Handidhua, which lacked drinkable water, electricity, and small businesses promised as part of the $530 million World Bank loan guarantees. These are just few of many severe implications that globalization brings upon the world (Lukas, 2000: 4). But do the benefits out weigh the costs The world is becoming more and more a mixed environment, and all of these different cultures, different people who have grown up in these particular different cultures are coming up against each

Human Resource Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human Resource Strategies - Essay Example Organization do not operate in vacuum, hence there are interconnectivities of interrelationships. The relationship between management and workers of organization, with the focus of how organizations' productivity can be enhanced has brought about the emergence of plethora of organizational theories. Among these are , the Frederick Taylor Scientific or Machine theory, Elton Mayo's Human Relations theory, Behavioral theory, Administrative theories, System theories, motivational theories , like McGregor's; X and Y theories, Abraham Maslow Hierarchy of Need theory and Frederick Hezberg two Factors theories, inter alia. How feasible and tenable is the proposition that "human resource strategies should be underpinned by organization development theories". This write- up will focus on this, using McDonalds Corporation as a case study to show how organization's strategy helps in contributing to its success. Human Resource Management (HRM) is the management of organization's human resources in such a way that the workers personal needs are adequately met in order that they put in their best in the attainment of the organization's objectives and long term goals. According to Sims (2002), HRM is the term increasingly used to refer to the philosophy, policies, procedures, and practices related to the management of an organization's employee. In the process of HRM, there is an increasingly emphasis on the personal needs of the organization and its members. The challenge is to create an organizational environment in which each employee can grow and develop to his or her fullest extent. Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) is the linking up of HRM to the strategic goal and objectives of the organization. "Strategic HR means accepting the HR functions as a strategic partner in the formulation of the company's strategies through HR activities such as recruiting, selecting, training and rewarding personnel". (Chaturvedi, 2005). Theories are abstractions from the real world situations in order to give explanation to a given phenomenon or interrelating variables. Thus, organization development theories are those theories that tend to explain how efficiently the organization's resources can be adequately managed in order that the highest productivity and the attainment of set objectives are achieved by the organization. INCORPORATING ORGANIZATION DEVELOPMENT THEORIES IN HUMAN RESOURCES STARTEGIES Scholars have argued that SHRM has no thoroughly researched theories to give explanation on how HRM is linked to the organization's strategy. In the view of Wright and Haggerty (2005), SHRM research has greatly borrowed from other disciplines' meta-theories and utilized organization theories in linking up HRM to strategic management. "existing research in SHRM had predominantly utilized Resource based Theory, the Behavioral Approach, Open System theory, and Control theory with a few authors exploring Population Ecology and Critical

All projects are expected to realise a certain Value Essay

All projects are expected to realise a certain Value - Essay Example Taking care of the elderly on an individual or family perspective can be a daunting task hence predisposing the elderly to lower quality of care. The LA project is therefore expected to generate value to the stakeholders such as the construction workers, the government, the families of the elderly, and the general population well-being in general. The family is one of the greatest beneficiaries that tap the benefit of having the elderly among them be taken care of. The challenge of caregiving among the elderly is demonstrated by the costs, energy, and the time taken with the elderly. These three important components can be used in other activities when there is a specialized care that is centralized by the LA. In essence, the elderly gets to have quality care while the family is less involved in the care. This means that they are able to tap insurmountable value from the establishment. The value in the family is also enhanced by the view that little effort is required in looking at the interest of the elderly among them. The LA home environment also adds value to the elderly by making them interact with others and hence have their view of life from the elderly perspective. The chances of the elderly being mistreated will be expected to be minimized since they are kept way from the family members and other caregivers that can easily mistreat them. In addition, the services that is provided in some home settings are poor or inadequate for the wellbeing of the elderly. This means that the elderly get to get quality care from the LA facility. The establishment of the LA project generates value to the constructors that tap a number of related benefits. Though indirectly related to caregiving for the elderly, the construction of the project will require contractors that will be paid in order to develop the project, these will further require suppliers and employees. All these stakeholders among

Determining the Concentration of Sulphuric Acid Essay Example for Free

Determining the Concentration of Sulphuric Acid Essay I am going to plan an experiment to determine the accurate concentration of sulphuric acid. It is thought to have the concentration between 0.05 and 0.15 moldm-3. I will be provided with a solid base which is anhydrous (powder) sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). To find the accurate concentration I will titrate the sulphuric acid against the sodium carbonate. The reaction following will take place: Na2CO3 (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) Na 2 SO4 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O(l)1 Deciding the Amounts Sulphuric acid has a concentration about 0. 10 moldm-3 (half way between 0.05 and 0.15 moldm-3). I would like to use 25cm3 of sulphuric acid. This is because, it is not a wasteful amount and also it would reduce percentage errors because this is quite a large amount to use. It would be an ideal value to use. Furthermore, I will need to make up a standard solution from the solid base that I have been provided with, which is sodium carbonate. I would again ideally like to use 25cm3 of the standard solution per titre. This is because, the pipettes have the reading of 25cm3, which means the pipette is readily, available for this amount, therefore it is a sensible value. Consequently I will need to make up a standard solution of concentration 0.10moldm-3. This is because of the stoichiometry. The equation shows that for every one mole of sulphuric acid, there is one mole of sodium carbonate. Therefore, the concentration must be the same because the volumes are the same and the number of moles are the same. I estimated the concentration of sulphuric acid to be 0.10 moldm-3 because its halfway between the thought amount of 0.05 and 0.15 moldm-3, therefore the concentration of the standard solution must be the same. Deciding what Indicator to Use I need to use an indicator to see when the end point of the titration occurs, and they are used between acid and alkalis. I have decided on using 2-3 drops of methyl orange indicator fin my experiment per titre. This is because; methyl orange indicator gives an accurate indication of the end point using a strong acid (sulphuric acid) and a weak alkali (sodium carbonate). 2 Making up my Standard Solution As I have mentioned before, I want my standard solution to have the concentration of 0.10 moldm-3. I have chosen my volumetric flask to be 250cm3. This is because these volumetric flasks are readily available. In addition, I am aiming to do approximately five titrations, therefore this amount would allow me to do five titrations and have some to spare. I now need to find out how much sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) is needed to make a standard solution of concentration 0.10 moldm-3. I need to use the equation: Number of moles = concentration (moldm-3) x volume(dm3)3 n = c x v The volume is 250cm3 so I need to divide this by 1000 so that it converts into dm3. Number of moles = 0.10(moldm-3) x 0.25 (dm3) Number of moles = 0.025 moles Therefore, 0.025 moles id required for the standard solution, nevertheless, I now need to convert this into grams by using the equation: Number of moles = Mass (g) / Molar mass(gmol-1)4 Mass (g) = Number of moles x Molar mass(gmol-1) Molar mass for Na2CO3 = (23 x 2) + 12 + (16 x 3) = 106gmol-1 Mass (g) = 0.025 x 106 = 2.65g Therefore, 2.650g of sodium carbonate is required for my standard solution. My experiment The apparatus I am going to use are as follows: * Burette * Conical flask * Volumetric flask * Rubber ball pipette filler * Distilled water * Beakers * Filter funnel * Teat pipette * Tile * Sulphuric acid * Sodium Carbonate * Scales * Spatula * Weighing bottle * Glass rod * Stand * Clamp * Methyl orange indicator Plan of Experiment 1. Prepare apparatus. 2. Weigh a weighing bottle accurately. Using a spatula, transfer 2.650g of sodium carbonate to the weighing bottle and weigh again. 3. Tip the contents of the weighing bottle into a clean 250cm3 beaker and reweigh the empty weighing bottle to find the weight by difference. This way I can work out the actual weight of sodium carbonate that has been transferred. 4. Add 50cm3 of distilled water to the solid and stir using a glass rod until dissolved. Transfer this solution into a volumetric flask using a funnel. Make up the graduation mark with distilled water using a teat pipette to ensure you so not overshoot it. This is now the standard solution. 5. Put a stopper on the flask and invert it about 20 times to make sure all the solution is mixed. 6. Using pipette filler, pipette 25.0cm3 of the solution into a clean conical flask. 7. Clean the burette out with distilled water and then again with sulphuric acid. Attach the burette to the stand, and fill the burette using a funnel with sulphuric acid. 8. Add methyl orange indicator to the conical flash only about 2-3 drops. Put the conical flask onto a white tile so the colour change is easy to see when titrating. 9. Titrate the solution until you reach the end point (when the solution turns orange), and record your results. I am going to use this as a rough titre. 10. Repeat this to obtain concordant results, concordant meaning results that are similar usually results which are in 0.1cm3 of each other. Risk Assessment Chemical Name Form Used Safety Statement Precautions Sulphuric Acid 0.05-0.15 moldm-3 Irritant Wear eye protection and gloves. Wear a lab coat. If spilt on skin dry with a cloth and then wash with water. If spilt dry with cloth and then scrub using water. If it gets it contact with eyes wash them with water thoroughly. 6 Sodium Carbonate Solid and at 0.10 moldm-3 Irritant, but if dust gets in eyes its harmful. Wear safety goggles, gloves and also protective clothing. If in contact with eyes wash quickly with clean water. If spilt on skin wash intensely. If inhaled move to an area of fresh air. If spilt anywhere scoop as much as possible up. 5 Methyl Orange Indicator 2-3 drops Irritant Wear safety goggles, gloves and also protective clothing. If spilt, clean it up using a cloth and water. If gets in contact with skin wash the area thoroughly. If enters eyes wash with clean water. 6 Why my plan will Devise Reliable results My plan will devise reliable result because of many reasons. Firstly I am going to do a rough titre in my plan, which means I will have a rough idea of my titration, so when I do my real results I know when to add it drop wise, so that I wont overshoot the end point. Another reason why I wont overshoot the end point is because I am going to use a white tile so I can judge the end point more accurately. Furthermore, I am only going to add 2 or 3 drops of methyl orange indicator. This will make my results more reliable because the methyl orange indicator is slightly acidic, so it would use up the alkaline solution, therefore by only adding a small amount of it will make my results more reliable and accurate. In addition, I am also going to wash my equipment out thoroughly with distilled water and then with the solution I am going to put that piece of equipment. This will remove any impurities that were originally in the containers so will make my results more reliable. Also, when I am measuring the solution, I will measure accurately by using a pipette to make sure the bottom of the meniscus is on the line to make my results more accurate. Also, when reading the burette I will put a piece of plain paper behind so I can read it more accurately. I will also, remember to take the funnel out of my burette as this could also affect the accuracy of my results. This is because drops are still on the funnel could enter my burette which mean more sulphuric acid affecting my results. This way by removing the funnel, I will achieve accurate results. 7 Finally, I am going to use accurate equipment as possible, which will minimise errors in my results. Overall my results will be very accurate and reliable! References 1. Article on types of chemical reactions, http://www.sky-web.net/science/reaction-types. I used this to help me write my balanced equation for the reaction between sodium carbonate and sulphuric acid. 2. Information on the use of indicators in acid-alkali titrations, salters practical assessment. I used this to decide what indicator to use as it told me what to use if I had a strong acid and weak alkali. 3. Chemical ideas, 2nd edition, chapter 1, section 1.5, concentrations of solutions, published by Heinemann 2000. I used this to get the concentration equation. 4. Power point presentation on moles and concentration, http://moodle.kedst.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=4556. This helped me find the formulas for concentration and to find out the mass. 5. Safety data sheet, http://www.brunnermond.com/products/sodium_carb. I used this source to find out the safety statement of sodium carbonate and the precautions I will need to take. 6. Hazard cards, numbers 98 and 32, Cleapps 1998 and 2003. I used these to find out the safety statement and also the precaution I will need to take when doing my experiment for methyl orange indicator and sulphuric acid. 7. Skills for Salters as Chemistry, pages 3,4,6,7 and 29, chemistry department, 2007. I used this to see how I will use my equipment and use it accurately, giving me accurate results. Analysis I made up my standard solution by firstly weighing out some sodium carbonate. I weighed the weighing bottle and added approximately 2.65g of sodium carbonate. I then transferred the sodium carbonate to a beaker and reweighed the weighing bottle, so I can therefore work out exactly how much sodium carbonate I transferred. Mass of weighing bottle and sodium carbonate = 57.732g Mass of weighing bottle after transfer of sodium carbonate = 55.052g Consequently the accurate amount of sodium carbonate transferred is the mass of the weighing bottle and the sodium carbonate, minus the mass of the weighing bottle after the transfer which is: 57.932g 55.052g = 2.680g Therefore, 2.680g of sodium carbonate was transferred. Next I added about 50cm3 of water to the beaker and using a glass rod I stirred the solution until the sodium carbonate has dissolved. This was then fully transferred to a volumetric flask and water was added to the 250cm3 graduation mark. I then used a pipette to transfer 25.00cm3 of this standard solution to a conical flask and titrated with the unknown acid. I used 25.00cm3 of the standard solution for each titre after the experiment; I had obtained results for how much acid was added for each titre. The results for how much acid I added for each titre are as follows: 20.10cm3, 19.85cm3 and 20.05cm3. I am now going to work out an average by picking out the concordant results (results which are in 0.10cm3 of each other) and dividing by how many there is. 20.10cm3+ 20.05cm3/2 = 20.075cm3. Therefore, my average titre was 20.075cm3. Concentration of Sodium Carbonate Solution I am now going to calculate the concentration of the sodium carbonate solution: 2.68g of sodium carbonate was dissolved in a 250cm3 volumetric flask using water, so I need to find out how many moles of the substance I used in order to find out the concentration. Therefore I need to use the equation: Number of Moles= Mass (g)/Molar Mass (gmol-1) Molar mass of Na2CO3 = (23 x 2) + 12 + (16 x 3)= 106gmol-1 Number of Moles= 2.680g/ 106gmol-1 Number of Moles= 0.0253moles. Therefore, I used 0.0253 moles in my standard solution. I now need to use the equation to find the concentration: Concentration (moldm-3) = Number of moles/Volume (dm3) I firstly need to convert 250cm3 to dm3 so that my equation works: 1000cm3 = 1dm3 250cm3 = 0.250dm3 (I divided by 1000). Concentration (moldm-3) = 0.0253moles/0.250dm3 Concentration= 0.101moldm-3 Consequently, I have calculated my sodium carbonate standard solution to have a concentration of 0.101moldm-3, rounded to three significant figures. Concentration of acid I am now going to calculate the concentration of the acid solution; therefore I firstly need to find out how many moles there is of the sodium carbonate solution, by using the equation: Concentration of Na2CO3 (moldm-3) x Volume of Na2CO3(dm3) = Number of moles of Na2CO3 0.101moldm-3 x (25/1000) dm3) =0.00253 moles The equation of my reaction is: Na2CO3 (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) Na2SO4 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O(l) This equation shows that the molar ratio of sodium carbonate and sulphuric acid is 1:1 which means is there is 0.00253 moles of sodium carbonate there is 0.00253 moles in sulphuric acid. The average titre as shown above was 20.075cm3, which I need to convert to dm3 which is: 20.075cm3/1000 = 0.0201dm3. I can now use the equation Concentration (moldm-3)= Number of moles/Volume (dm3) Concentration (moldm-3)= 0.0253 / 0.0201 Concentration = 0.126moldm-3. Overall, I conclude that the concentration of the acid solution is 0.126moldm-3.